Index

Combinations of topical fluoride (toothpastes, mouthrinses, gels, varnishes) versus single topical fluoride for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents

Combined beta-agonists and anticholinergics compared to beta-agonists alone for adults with asthma treated in emergency departments

Combined calcium, magnesium and potassium supplementation for the management of primary hypertension in adults

Combined chiropractic interventions for low-back pain

Combined conservative interventions for urge, stress or mixed incontinence in adults

Combined corticosteroid and long-acting beta-agonist in one inhaler for chronic asthma

Combined diet and exercise in pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus

Combined DTP-HBV vaccine versus separately administered DTP and HBV vaccines for primary prevention of diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, and hepatitis B

Combined DTP-HBV-HIB vaccine versus separately administered DTP-HBV and HIB vaccines in healthy infants up to two years old

Combined glaucoma and cataract surgery versus cataract surgery alone for eyes with cataract and glaucoma

Combined hormonal contraceptives for heavy menstrual bleeding

Combined hormonal contraceptives taken in extended regimens for more than 28 days compare favorably to traditional 28-day cyclic hormonal contraceptives.

Combined ICS-LABA for children and adults with bronchiectasis

Combined inhaled anticholinergics and beta2-agonists for initial treatment of acute asthma in children

Combined inhalers compared to tiotropium inhalers for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Combined inhalers versus placebo for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Combined intermittent pneumatic leg compression and medication for the prevention of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism

Combined large neutral amino acid supplementation for phenylketonuria (PKU)

Combined oral contraceptive pill (OCP) as treatment for primary dysmenorrhoea

Combined pharmacotherapy and psychological therapies for post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Combined psychosocial and agonist maintenance interventions for treatment of opioid dependence

Combined spinal-epidural versus epidural analgesia in labour

Combined spinal-epidural versus spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section

Combined strategies to avoid foot ulcers in patients with diabetes

Combined therapy with statins and fibrates for people with dyslipidaemia

Combined treatment with GnRH analogues and add-back therapy for women with uterine fibroids

Combined use of hyperthermia and radiation therapy for treating locally advanced cervix carcinoma

Combined use of oestrogen and progesterone for preventing miscarriage

Combining antipsychotic medication for the treatment of schizophrenia

Combining two or more drugs vs one drug for pain control in inflammatory arthritis

Comic highlights Cochrane and World Health Organization collaboration for positive birth experience guideline

Commercial hospital discharge packs for breastfeeding women

Commercial versus home-made spacers in delivering bronchodilator therapy for acute therapy in children

Commercial weight loss products and services for obese and overweight adults

Common antiepileptic drugs in pregnancy in women with epilepsy

Common Mental Disorders partnership with the Mental Health Foundation

Communicating to pregnant woman and parents through their mobile devices to improve maternal, neonatal, and child health

Communicating to young people and adults through their mobile devices to improve sexual and reproductive health

Communication skills interventions for medical students

Communication skills training for mental health professionals working with people with severe mental illness

Communication training for parents of preschool children with motor disorders

Community and home-based exercise for the prevention and treatment of hypertension

Community animal health services for improving household wealth and health status of low-income farmers

Community based interventions for reducing dengue incidence

Community coalition-driven interventions to improve health status and reduce disparities in racial and ethnic minority populations

Community first responders for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in adults and children

Community level interventions to improve food security in developed countries

Community mental health teams (CMHTs) for people with severe mental health problems

Community mobilization and empowerment interventions for preventing HIV in low and middle income countries

Community mobilization for safe motherhood

Community screening for visual impairment in older people

Community views on active case finding for tuberculosis in low- and middle-income countries: a qualitative evidence synthesis

Community wide interventions for increasing physical activity

Community-based exercise and physical activity programmes led by exercise professionals for osteoarthritis

Community-based intervention packages for preventing maternal and newborn illness and death so that newborn outcomes are improved

Community-based interventions for enhancing access to or consumption of fruit and vegetables (or both) among five to 18-year olds

Community-based interventions for improving mental health in refugee children and adolescents in high-income countries

Community-based maternal and newborn educational care packages for improving neonatal health and survival in low- and middle-income countries

Community-based population-level interventions for promoting child oral health

Community-based rehabilitation for people with physical and mental disabilities in low- and middle-income countries

Community-based self-management programs for improving participation in life activities in older adults with chronic conditions

Community-based versus health facility-based management of acute malnutrition for reducing the prevalence of severe acute malnutrition in children 6 to 59 months of age in low- and middle-income countries

Comparative effectiveness of interventions for treating the psychological consequences of sexual abuse in children and adolescents

Comparative efficacy and acceptability of pharmacological treatments for insomnia in adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis

Comparative efficacy and risk-benefit balance of modulator and suppressant drugs of the immune system in people with multiple sclerosis (MS)

Compared to single chamber ventricular pacemakers, dual chamber pacemakers may reduce the incidence of complications in people with sick sinus syndrome and atrioventricular block

Compared with interferon alone, the addition of ribavirin increases the number of patients with chronic hepatitis C who clear the hepatitis C virus from the blood

Comparing BIS monitoring with clinical assessment for determining the level of sedation of mechanically ventilated adults in intensive care units

Comparing carboplatin-based chemotherapy with cisplatin-based chemotherapy in the treatment of people with advanced lung cancer

Comparing different durations of the same antibiotic therapy for non-severe community-acquired pneumonia in children under five years of age

Comparing different injection frequencies for neovascular age-related macular degeneration

Comparing different surgical techniques used to remove wisdom teeth from the lower jaw

Comparing different types of antibiotics given routinely to women at caesarean section to reduce infections

Comparing different types of chemotherapy for treatment of older people with advanced lung cancer

Comparing different types of scan (CT, MRI, bone scan) for diagnosis of clinically suspected scaphoid fractures, when initial radiographs are negative

Comparing effect estimates of randomized controlled trials and observational studies

Comparing effectiveness of an older antipsychotic (oral fluphenazine) with newer antipsychotics for treating schizophrenia

Comparing electronic monitoring of the baby's heartbeat on a woman's admission in labour using cardiotocography (CTG) with intermittent monitoring

Comparing inhaled corticosteroids with long-acting beta2-agonists in treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Comparing initial antiretroviral regimens stavudine or zidovudine as part of three-drug combinations for treatment of HIV infection

Comparing initial antiretroviral regimens tenofovir or zidovudine as part of three-drug combinations for treatment of HIV infection

Comparing reducing smoking to quit with abrupt quitting.

Comparing sedation versus general anaesthesia for children who need to have dental treatment

Comparing single doses of oral analgesics for acute pain in adults after operation

Comparing standard and extended lymph node removal in people with cancer of the head of the pancreas and the periampullary region

Comparing supplemental oxygen with room air for low-risk pregnant women undergoing an elective caesarean section under regional anaesthesia

Comparing surgical groin hernia repair performed with or without mesh

Comparing the effect of different courses of radiotherapy to the chest for patients with incurable lung cancer

Comparing the effect of medications for treating Ascaris infection

Comparing the time taken to give paclitaxel (an anticancer drug) in advanced adenocarcinoma

Comparing treatment of non-severe pneumonia, in children aged 2 to 59 months, with and without antibiotics

Comparing two different techniques of removing cataracts

Comparing two types of blood-thinning drugs, factor Xa inhibitors and vitamin K antagonists, to prevent blood clots in people with atrial fibrillation

Comparing walk-in clinics to physician offices and emergency rooms

Comparision of key hole surgery and conventional surgery in the management of small bowel Crohn's disease.

Comparision of two techniques for the placement of a feeding tube to the stomach through the skin in an individual who has difficulty swallowing food

Comparison of a eutectic mixture of local anaesthetics (EMLA) in a cream and amethocaine for relieving the pain children experience when they have injections

Comparison of a light-emitting diode with conventional light sources for providing phototherapy to jaundiced newborn infants

Comparison of an upper limb nerve block using local anaesthetic with opioid analgesia for pain relief following major shoulder surgery

Comparison of animal-derived surfactants for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants

Comparison of artificial lenses placed in eyes with uveitis during cataract surgery

Comparison of bowel reconstruction routes after partial surgical removal of the pancreas and duodenum (first part of the small intestine)

Comparison of central adjudication of outcomes and onsite outcome assessment on treatment effect estimates

Comparison of different human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines and the number of doses administered to prevent HPV-related disease in females and males

Comparison of different platelet transfusion thresholds prior to insertion of central lines in people with a low platelet count

Comparison of different positions that a mother is placed in during caesarean section to improve outcomes for both the mother and her newborn

Comparison of different protein concentrations of human milk fortifier for promoting growth and neurological development in preterm infants

Comparison of different techniques for planned opening of the trachea

Comparison of different types of artificial hip joints that may be used for treating fractures of the hip

Comparison of exenterative surgery versus medical management for women with recurrent gynaecological malignancies

Comparison of interventions for patients diagnosed with pre-cancerous changes of the anal canal (anal intraepithelial neoplasia)

Comparison of medicinal herbs for chronic hepatitis B virus infection

Comparison of non-surgical treatments for women diagnosed with high-grade VIN (precancerous changes of the vulva related to HPV-infection)

Comparison of open versus minimally-invasive (laparoscopic) pyloromyotomy for hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

Comparison of paravertebral anaesthesia to general anaesthesia for breast cancer surgery

Comparison of propofol (an anaesthetic drug) with other drug options for sedating people undergoing painful procedures in emergency departments

Comparison of protocols and registry entries to published reports for randomised controlled trials

Comparison of protocols and registry entries to published reports for systematic reviews

Comparison of surgical interventions for retinal detachment

Comparison of surgical procedures for women diagnosed with precancerous changes of the vulva (high-grade vulval intraepithelial neoplasia)

Comparison of surgical techniques for the treatment of patients with lumbar stenosis

Comparison of the different ways of giving fluids to patients who cannot drink enough, such as patients with Ebola virus disease

Comparison of the stomach-preserving versus classic 'Whipple' operation for people with cancer of the pancreas or the periampullary region

Comparison of the two international standards of chemotherapy for people with early unfavourable or advanced stage Hodgkin lymphoma

Comparison of two different methods of lens removal in cataract surgery, particularly relevant to lower income settings

Comparison of two forms of local anaesthesia for cataract surgery

Comparison of two methods used in screening for colorectal cancer

Comparison of two muscle relaxants, rocuronium and succinylcholine, to facilitate rapid sequence induction intubation

Comparison of two surgical techniques for the control of eye pressure in people with glaucoma

Comparison of video-assisted and non-video-assisted devices for intubation of children

Comparisons of approaches to pelvic floor muscle training for urinary incontinence in women

Comparisons of methods used in adults to put bone fragments of a fractured wrist back into place

Complement inhibitors for age-related macular degeneration

Complementary and alternative medicine treatments for atopic eczema

Complementary and alternative therapies for pain management in labour

Complementary and alternative therapies for post-caesarean pain

Complementary and alternative therapies for shortening labour

Complementary therapies for acne vulgaris

Complementary therapies for chronic plaque psoriasis

Complementary treatments such as hypnosis, psychotherapy, acupuncture, chiropractic and medicinal herbs for bedwetting in children

Complete versus culprit-only revascularisation in ST elevation heart attack with multi-vessel disease

Complex behavioural and educational interventions for bedwetting (nocturnal enuresis) in children

Compliance therapy for schizophrenia

Complications of trocar types for laparoscopic surgery

Compounds which can break down the structure of mucus for lung disease in cystic fibrosis

Comprehensive care programmes for children with medical complexity

Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment for community-dwelling, high-risk, frail, older people

Comprehensive geriatric assessment for older adults admitted to hospital

Comprehensive paediatric assessments for children in out of home care

Comprehensive physiotherapy for rheumatoid arthritis

Compression bandages and stockings to help the healing of venous leg ulcers

Compression bandages or stockings versus no compression for treating venous leg ulcers

Compression hosiery (stockings) for preventing venous leg ulcers returning

Compression stockings for preventing deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in airline passengers

Compression therapy for prevention of post-thrombotic syndrome

Compression therapy for treating post-thrombotic syndrome of mild to moderate severity

Compulsory community and involuntary outpatient treatment for people with severe mental disorders

Computed tomography angiography or magnetic resonance angiography for detecting blood vessel abnormalities in patients with intracerebral haemorrhage

Computed tomography for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic advanced liver disease

Computer assisted knee arthroplasty for osteoarthritis and other non-traumatic diseases

Computer programmes for sexual health promotion

Computer-assisted surgery for knee ligament reconstruction

Computer-assisted versus oral-and-written dietary history taking for diabetes mellitus

Computer-assisted versus oral-and-written family history taking for identifying people with elevated risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Computer-assisted versus oral-and-written history taking for the management of cardiovascular disease

Computer-assisted versus oral-and-written history taking for the prevention of cardiovascular disease

Computer-based Cognitive Remediation Therapy plus standard care versus standard care for people with schizophrenia or related disorders

Computer-based programmes ('Interactive Health Communication Applications') for people with chronic disease

Computer-based versus in-person stress management programmes for workers

Computer-controlled delivery versus manual delivery of propofol to produce general anaesthesia or sedation in adult patients

Computerised cognitive training for maintaining cognitive function in cognitively healthy people in late life

Computerised cognitive training for maintaining cognitive function in cognitively healthy people in midlife

Computerised cognitive training for preventing dementia in people with mild cognitive impairment

Computerised decision support systems to promote appropriate use of blood products

Computerized advice on drug dosage to improve prescribing practice

Concentrated salt solution versus other treatments to lower pressure around the brain for people with acute traumatic brain injury

Conclusions about the effects of electronic cigarettes remain the same

Concurrent chemoradiotherapy reduces risk of death at two years compared to sequential chemoradiotherapy or radiotherapy alone in patients with stage III non small cell lung cancer

Concurrent chemoradiotherapy with weekly versus three-weekly cisplatin in locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Concurrent health promotion interventions for preventing cardiovascular disease in low- and middle income countries ("resource-limited settings")

Condylocephalic nails versus extramedullary implants for extracapsular hip fractures

Conflicts of interest and recommendations in clinical guidelines, advisory committee reports, opinion pieces, and narrative reviews

Confusion Assessment Method for the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU) for the diagnosis of delirium in adults in critical care settings

Conjugate vaccines for preventing Haemophilus influenzae type b infections in children under 5 years of age

Conjugated pneumococcal vaccine versus polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine for prevention of pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal disease in immunocompetent and immunocompromised adults and children

Conscious sedation for dental anxiety

Conservative (non-pharmaceutical and non-surgical) treatments for children who have daytime urinary incontinence

Conservative interventions for managing urinary incontinence after prostate surgery

Conservative interventions for shaft fractures of the forearm bones in children

Conservative interventions for treating Achilles tendon ruptures

Conservative interventions for treating scaphoid fractures in adults

Conservative interventions for urinary incontinence in women: an Overview of Cochrane systematic reviews

Conservative interventions for urinary or faecal incontinence, or both, in adults with multiple sclerosis

Conservative management for men with urinary incontinence after prostate surgery

Conservative management of nocturia in adults

Conservative management of pelvic organ prolapse in women

Conservative management of symptomatic and/or complicated haemorrhoids in pregnancy and the puerperium

Conservative treatment for closed fifth (small finger) metacarpal neck fractures

Conservative treatment for exercise-related groin pain

Conservative treatments for whiplash

Conservative treatments in gynaecological cancer for fertility preservation

Conservative versus operative treatment for hip fractures in adults

CONsolidated Standards Of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) and the completeness of reporting of randomised controlled trials published in medical journals

Constraint-induced movement therapy for upper limb (arm) recovery after stroke

Constraint-induced movement therapy in the treatment of the upper limb in children with unilateral cerebral palsy

Consultation letters for use by primary care physicians in their care of patients with physical symptoms for which no organic cause can be found

Consultation liaison in primary care appears to improve mental health practice and outcomes for people with a mental disorder

Consumer guidelines for chronic disease management

Consumer involvement in the development of healthcare policy and research, clinical practice guidelines and information for patients

Consumer-delivered training in intimate examination skills for healthcare students and professionals

Consumers and health providers working in partnership for the promotion of person-centred health services: a co-produced qualitative evidence synthesis

Contact tracing methods for tuberculosis

Containment strategies for people with serious mental illness

Contingency management for substance use disorders

Continued lamivudine for adults with lamivudine-resistant chronic hepatitis B virus infection

Continuing education meetings and workshops for health professionals

Continuity of caregivers for care during pregnancy and childbirth

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis versus automated peritoneal dialysis for end-stage renal disease

Continuous and individual interrupted sutures for repair of episiotomy or second-degree tears

Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour

Continuous chest compression versus interrupted chest compression for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) of non-asphyxial out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA)

Continuous delivery of a local anaesthetic around the wound to treat pain after bowel surgery through a vertical cut in the abdomen

Continuous electronic heart rate monitoring for fetal assessment during labor

Continuous epidural analgesia is superior to intravenous opioid patient-controlled analgesia in relieving postoperative pain for up to 72 hours after abdominal surgery

Continuous glucose monitoring systems for monitoring cystic fibrosis-related diabetes

Continuous glucose monitoring systems for the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis-related diabetes

Continuous glucose monitoring systems for type 1 diabetes mellitus

Continuous glucose monitoring systems for type 2 diabetes mellitus

Continuous heparin infusion to prevent thrombosis and catheter occlusion in neonates with peripherally placed percutaneous central venous catheters

Continuous infusion of loop diuretics are safer and more effective than intermittent administration for people with congestive heart failure

Continuous infusion versus intermittent bolus doses of indomethacin for patent ductus arteriosus closure in symptomatic preterm infants

Continuous infusion versus intermittent flushing to prevent loss of function of peripheral intravenous catheters used for drug administration in newborn infants

Continuous nasogastric milk feeding versus intermittent bolus milk feeding for premature infants less than 1500 grams

Continuous negative extrathoracic pressure or continuous positive airway pressure for children with acute respiratory failure and shortage of oxygen

Continuous or intermittent monitoring of people with acute stroke

Continuous passive motion after knee replacement surgery

Continuous passive motion therapy for preventing venous thromboembolism after total knee replacement (arthroplasty)

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for acute bronchiolitis in children

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for apnoea of prematurity

Continuous positive airway pressure delivery interfaces for obstructive sleep apnoea in adults

Continuous positive airway pressure for cardiovascular disease associated with sleep apneoa

Continuous positive airway pressure versus theophylline for apnea in preterm infants

Continuous positive airways pressure for relieving signs and symptoms of obstructive sleep apnoea

Continuous positive airways pressure for respiratory distress in preterm infants

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