| Oral budesonide for treatment of people with active ulcerative colitis |
| Oral Class I and III antiarrhythmic drugs for maintaining sinus rhythm after catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation |
| Oral contraceptives to treat cysts of the ovary |
| Oral corticosteroid treatment started by patients or parents during a severe asthma attack |
| Oral corticosteroids for bronchiectasis (stable and acute exacerbations) |
| Oral corticosteroids for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis |
| Oral corticosteroids for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
| Oral dextrose gel for prevention of low blood glucose levels in newborn babies |
| Oral dextrose gel for the treatment of newborn infants with low blood glucose levels |
| Oral etoposide for treatment and/or maintenance treatment of recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer |
| Oral evening primrose oil and borage oil for eczema |
| Oral fumaric acid esters for the treatment of psoriasis |
| Oral heath advice (education and training) for people with serious mental illness |
| Oral herbal therapies for treating osteoarthritis |
| Oral hormone therapies help reduce the frequency and severity of hot flushes and night sweats caused by menopause. |
| Oral hygiene care for critically ill patients to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia |
| Oral hygiene programmes for people with intellectual disabilities |
| Oral ibuprofen for acute treatment of episodic tension-type headache in adults |
| Oral immunoglobulin for preventing necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm and low birth weight neonates |
| Oral immunoglobulin for the prevention of rotavirus infection in low birth weight infants |
| Oral immunoglobulin for the treatment of rotavirus diarrhea in low birth weight infants |
| Oral immunotherapy for the treatment of peanut allergy |
| Oral iron for people with chronic kidney disease |
| Oral Janus kinase inhibitors (tofacitinib) for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis |
| Oral janus kinase inhibitors for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis |
| Oral ketoprofen for treatment of acute episodic tension-type headache in adults |
| Oral killed cholera vaccines for preventing cholera |
| Oral killed cholera vaccines for preventing cholera |
| Oral magnesium supplementation for high blood pressure in adults |
| Oral medication for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes |
| Oral methylxanthines for bronchiectasis |
| Oral misoprostol for induction of labour |
| Oral morphine for cancer pain |
| Oral naltrexone as maintenance treatment to prevent relapse in opioid addicts who have undergone detoxification |
| Oral nicotine pouches for cessation or reduction of use of other tobacco or nicotine products |
| Oral non steroid anti-inflammatories for children and adults with bronchiectasis |
| Oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs compared with other oral pain killers for sprains, strains and bruises |
| Oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for cancer pain in adults |
| Oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for neuropathic pain in adults |
| Oral NSAIDs for treating fibromyalgia pain in adults |
| Oral nutrition interventions in hospitalised older people at nutritional risk: a network meta-analysis of individual participant data |
| Oral nutritional supplements for treating venous leg ulcers |
| Oral or nasal steroids for otitis media with effusion (OME or 'glue ear') in children |
| Oral or topical nasal steroids for hearing loss associated with otitis media with effusion (glue ear) in children |
| Oral painkillers available without prescription for acute pain |
| Oral paliperidone for schizophrenia |
| Oral paracetamol for treatment of acute episodic tension-type headache in adults |
| Oral polio vaccine plus inactivated polio vaccine versus oral polio vaccine alone for reducing polio in children under two years of age |
| Oral potassium iodide for the treatment of sporotrichosis |
| Oral potassium supplementation for high blood pressure in adults |
| Oral probiotics for infantile colic |
| Oral probiotics for the treatment of infantile colic |
| Oral prostaglandin E2 for induction of labour |
| Oral protein-based nutritional supplement in people with chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis |
| Oral rehydration salt solutions for treating cholera: lower salt content versus higher salt content solutions |
| Oral retinoids for psoriasis |
| Oral rinses, mouthwashes and sprays for improving outcomes following tonsillectomy |
| Oral steroids for nasal polyps |
| Oral steroids for shoulder pain (adhesive capsulitis) |
| Oral steroids, splinting, ultrasound, yoga and wrist mobilisation provide short-term relief from carpal tunnel syndrome, but other non-surgical methods have not been shown to help. |
| Oral substitution treatment for injecting opioid users reduces drug-related behaviours with a high risk of HIV transmission, but has less effect on sex-related risk behaviours. |
| Oral sumatriptan for acute migraine |
| Oral tapentadol for cancer pain |
| Oral theophylline compared to placebo for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) |
| Oral vaccines for preventing cholera |
| Oral versus inhaled antibiotics for people with bronchiectasis |
| Oral versus injectable ovulation induction agents for unexplained subfertility |
| Oral versus intravenous chemotherapy for colorectal cancer |
| Oral vitamin A supplements to prevent acute upper respiratory tract infections in children up to seven years of age |
| Oral vitamin B12 compared with intramuscular vitamin B12 for vitamin B12 deficiency |
| Oral vitamin C supplements to prevent and treat acute upper respiratory tract infections |
| Oral water soluble contrast for cancer-related bowel obstruction |
| Oral xanthine derivatives (theophylline and doxofylline) for patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) |
| Oral zinc for the prevention of hyperbilirubinaemia in neonates |
| Oral zinc supplementation for treating diarrhoea in children |
| Oral zinc supplements for treating leg ulcers |
| Orbital therapy for adult thyroid eye disease |
| Organic nitrates for prevention of oesophageal varices bleeding and re-bleeding |
| Organisation of health services for preventing and treating pressure ulcers |
| Organisational and professional interventions to promote the uptake of evidence in emergency care: Effects on professional practice and health outcomes |
| Organisational interventions for decreasing the use of restrictive practices with children or adults who have an intellectual or developmental disability |
| Organisational interventions for improving control of blood pressure in individuals with hypertension |
| Organisational interventions for promoting person-centred care for people with dementia |
| Organisational level interventions for reducing occupational stress in healthcare workers |
| Organised inpatient (stroke unit) care |
| Organised trauma systems and designated trauma centres for improving outcomes in injured patients |
| Organising preventive care in community settings for people with heart disease |
| Organizational interventions for promoting person-centred care for people with dementia |
| Orientation and mobility training for people with low vision |
| Orlistat for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases in overweight or obese individuals |
| Orthodontic and orthopaedic treatment for anterior open bite in children |
| Orthodontic treatment for bimaxillary proclination in children and adults |
| Orthodontic treatment for deep bite and retroclined upper front teeth in children |
| Orthodontic treatment for prominent upper front teeth in children |
| Orthodontic treatment with appliances which move the upper molar teeth backwards |
| Orthodontics for treating temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders |
| Orthognathic surgery for surgical correction of patients with mandibular deficiency |
| Orthoses for mechanical neck disorders |
| Orthotic devices after stroke and other non-progressive brain lesions |
| Orthotic devices for the treatment of tennis elbow |
| Osmotic therapies added to antibiotics for acute bacterial meningitis |
| Osteotomy for treating knee osteoarthritis |
| Our evidence |
| Our funders and partners |
| Our global community |
| Our open access strategy |
| Our policies and positions |
| Our products and services |
| Outcome measures and needs assessment tools for schizophrenia and related disorders |
| Outcomes of patients who participate in randomized controlled trials compared to similar patients receiving similar interventions who do not participate |
| Outpatient interventions for smoking cessation and reduction for adults with a mental disorder |
| Outpatient psychological therapy for adults with anorexia |
| Outpatient treatment for cancer patient with low-risk febrile neutropaenic event is effective. |
| Ovarian ablation can improve longterm survival for pre-menopausal women with early breast cancer, but also has major adverse effects. |
| Ovarian cyst aspiration and IVF outcomes |
| Ovarian function suppression for treating premenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive early breast cancer |
| Ovarian suppression with LHRH agonists (such as goserelin) for treating premenopausal women with early breast cancer |
| Ovarian surgery for symptom relief in women with polycystic ovary syndrome |
| Over-the-counter (OTC) medications for acute cough in children and adults in community settings |
| Over-the-counter medications to help reduce cough for children and adults on antibiotics for acute pneumonia |
| Overall prognosis of acute and chronic musculoskeletal, widespread, and neuropathic pain in children and adolescents |
| Overall prognosis of index lung cancer recurrence or of second primary lung cancer in people with non-small cell lung cancer operated with complete resection |
| Overdiagnosis due to screening mammography for women aged 40 years and over |
| Overground physical therapy gait training for chronic stroke patients with mobility deficits |
| Overview of all systematic review of all treatments for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) |
| Overview of Cochrane Reviews of interventions used during surgery for preventing surgical site infection |
| Overview of Cochrane's eight Review Group Networks |
| Overview of the safety of regular formoterol or salmeterol in adults with asthma |
| Overview of the safety of regular formoterol or salmeterol in children with asthma |
| Overview of ventilation strategies for the early management of intubated preterm infants |
| Ovulation induction with urinary follicle stimulating hormone versus human menopausal gonadotropin for clomiphene-resistant polycystic ovary syndrome |
| Ovulation suppression for endometriosis |
| Oxandrolone for growth hormone-treated girls aged up to 18 years with Turner syndrome |
| Oxatomide (antihistamine) for asthma in adults and children |
| Oxcarbazepine add-on for drug-resistant focal epilepsy |
| Oxcarbazepine add-on for drug-resistant partial epilepsy |
| Oxcarbazepine for acute affective episodes of bipolar disorder |
| Oxcarbazepine for neuropathic pain |
| Oxcarbazepine in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder |
| Oxcarbazepine versus carbamazepine monotherapy for partial onset seizures |
| Oxcarbazepine versus phenytoin monotherapy (single medication treatment) for epilepsy |
| Oxycodone for cancer-related pain in adults |
| Oxycodone for neuropathic pain in adults |
| Oxycodone for pain in fibromyalgia in adults |
| Oxygen breathing therapy for the relief of breathlessness in advanced terminal illness in adults |
| Oxygen therapy as part of the treatment for respiratory infections in children |
| Oxygen therapy during exercise training in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) |
| Oxygen therapy for breathless people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with only mildly or moderately decreased oxygen in the blood |
| Oxygen therapy in the pre-hospital setting for sudden worsening of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
| Oxygen versus air for nebulising beta-agonist bronchodilators in acute asthma |
| Oxytocin Antagonists for suppressing preterm birth after an episode of preterm labour |
| Oxytocin for induction of labour |
| Oxytocin for prelabour rupture of membranes at or near term |
| Oxytocin for preventing postpartum haemorrhage in non-facility birth settings |
| Oxytocin for reducing operative births in women with epidurals in labour |
| Oxytocin for treating Prader-Willi Syndrome |
| Oxytocin in high versus low doses for augmentation of delayed labour |
| Oxytocin injected into a vein or muscle for reducing blood loss after vaginal birth |
| Oxytocin receptor antagonists for inhibiting preterm labour |
| Oxytocin to prevent excessive blood loss for women during the third stage of labour |
| Ozanimod for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis |
| Ozone therapy as a treatment for foot ulcers in people with diabetes |
| Ozone therapy for the treatment of dental caries |
| Pacing for drug-refractory or drug-intolerant Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy |
| Padma 28 for intermittent claudication |
| Pain and sedation management for screening or treatment of retinopathy of prematurity |
| Pain control during panretinal photocoagulation for diabetic retinopathy |
| Pain control using local anaesthetics to improve surgical results after shoulder, hip and knee replacement surgery |
| Pain in patients with inflammatory arthritis and gastrointestinal or liver problems |
| Pain management for medical abortion before 14 weeks' gestation |
| Pain management for rheumatoid arthritis with cardiovascular or renal comorbidity |
| Pain management for women in labour – an overview |
| Pain management for women in labour: generic protocol |
| Pain medications (NSAIDs: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) around the time of surgery in women undergoing breast surgery |
| Pain relief and side effects of a new regional anaesthetic technique (ESPB) |
| Pain relief for hysteroscopy as an outpatient |
| Pain relief for neonatal circumcision |
| Pain relief for removal of femoral sheath after cardiac procedures |
| Pain relief for women undergoing oocyte retrieval for assisted reproduction |
| Pain relief for women with pre-cancerous changes of the cervix (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)) undergoing outpatient treatment |
| Pain tablets taken by mouth for post-caesarean pain |
| Pain-relieving agents for infantile colic |
| Painkillers for relieving pain caused by orthodontic treatment |
| Painkillers other than opioids to treat pain in babies undergoing painful procedures |
| Painkillers, such as paracetamol and ibuprofen, before dental treatment in children and adolescents for reducing pain after treatment |
| Paliperidone palmitate for schizophrenia |
| Palivizumab for reducing the risk of severe RSV infection in children |
| Palivizumab for respiratory syncytial virus infection prevention in children |
| Palivizumab vaccine for prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infection in children with cystic fibrosis |
| Palliative (without intention to cure) chemotherapy and targeted therapies for cancer in the esophagus or gastroesophageal junction |
| Palliative biliary stents for obstructing pancreatic cancer |
| Palliative care for people with advanced dementia |
| Palliative care interventions for people with multiple sclerosis |
| Palliative gastric radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy versus non-radiotherapy approaches for locally advanced or metastatic (or both) gastric cancer |
| Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy for steatorrhoea in pancreatic cancer |
| Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy timings in cystic fibrosis |
| Pancreatic enzyme supplements for people with cystic fibrosis |
| Pancreatic enzymes for chronic pancreatitis |
| Paracervical local anaesthesia for cervical dilatation and uterine interventions |
| Paracetamol (acetaminophen) alone, or in combination with codeine or dihydrocodeine, for neuropathic pain in adults |
| Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for acute episodic tension-type headache in adults |
| Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for prevention or treatment of pain in newborns |
| Paracetamol (acetaminophen) with or without an antiemetic for acute migraine in adults |
| Paracetamol for cancer pain |
| Paracetamol for chronic non-cancer pain in children and adolescents |
| Paracetamol for low back pain |
| Paracetamol for pain relief after surgical removal of lower wisdom teeth |
| Paracetamol for relief of perineal pain after birth |
| Paracetamol for treating fever in children |
| Paracetamol for treating people with hip or knee osteoarthritis |
| Paracetamol versus nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for rheumatoid arthritis |
| Paracetamol, NSAIDS and opioid analgesics for chronic low back pain: a network meta-analysis |
| Parallel use of low-complexity automated nucleic acid amplification tests and lateral flow urine lipoarabinomannan assays to detect tuberculosis disease in adults and adolescents living with HIV |
| Parallel use of low-complexity automated nucleic acid amplification tests on respiratory samples and stool with or without lateral flow lipoarabinomannan assays to detect pulmonary tuberculosis disease in children |
| Parasympathomimetic drugs for the treatment of 'dry mouth' due to radiotherapy |
| Parathyroidectomy for adults with primary hyperparathyroidism |
| Parathyroidectomy for chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD) |
| Paravertebral block versus thoracic epidural for patients undergoing thoracotomy |
| Parecoxib delivered intramuscularly or intravenously (injected in to the muscle or the vein) for acute postoperative pain in adults |
| Parent mediated reading interventions for children aged birth to 48 months |
| Parent training for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children aged 5 to 18 years |
| Parent training for improving parental psychosocial health |
| Parent training for parents with intellectual disabilities |
| Parent training programmes for managing infantile (baby) colic |
| Parent-infant psychotherapy for improving parent and infant well-being |
| Parent-initiated oral corticosteroid therapy for intermittent wheezing illnesses in children |
| Parent-mediated intervention delivered through telehealth for children with autism spectrum disorder |
| Parent-mediated interventions to promote communication and language development in young children with Down syndrome |
| Parent-only interventions for childhood overweight or obesity in children aged 5 to 11 years |
| Parenteral calcium for intensive care unit patients |
| Parenteral medication for the management of acute severe behavioural disturbance (ASBD) in the emergency department |
| Parenting programmes for improving the parenting skills and outcomes for incarcerated parents and their children |
| Parenting programmes for incarcerated parents |
| Parenting programmes for parents with schizophrenia or related serious mental illness |
| Parenting programmes for teenage parents and their children |
| Parenting programmes for the prevention of unintentional injuries in childhood |
| Parenting programmes for the treatment of physical child abuse and neglect |
| Paroxetine versus other anti-depressive agents for depression |
| PARP inhibitors for locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer |
| Partial agonists for the treatment of high blood pressure. |
| Partial breast irradiation for early breast cancer |
| Partial exchange transfusion to prevent neurodevelopmental disability in infants with polycythemia |
| Partial liquid ventilation for mechanical ventilation of severely ill children with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome |
| Partial nephrectomy for the treatment of clinically localised renal carcinomas |
| Partial or total hip replacement compared with fracture fixation for treating hip fractures located outside the hip joint |
| Partial removal of skull (decompressive craniectomy) to lower treatment-resistant high pressure in the skull and brain after traumatic brain injury |
| Participants from across Russia and beyond gather for the third Cochrane Workshop in Kazan |
| Participation in environmental enhancement and conservation activities for health and well-being in adults |
| Participation in rehabilitation programmes that include regular exercise, can improve the quality of life for people with heart disease |
| Participation of traditional, complementary and alternative health practitioners in conventional health systems in low- and middle-income countries |
