Key Messages
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Xpert Ultra in samples of sputum (mucus coughed up from the lungs), gastric aspirate (mucus and saliva suctioned from the stomach), and stool (faeces) is accurate for detecting pulmonary tuberculosis in children.
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The risk of missing a diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis is present, but the risk of incorrectly diagnosing a child as having pulmonary tuberculosis is low.
Why is improving the diagnosis of tuberculosis important?
In 2023, an estimated 1.3 million children became ill with tuberculosis, a disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Not recognizing tuberculosis (false negative results) may result in delayed diagnosis, severe illness, and death. An incorrect tuberculosis diagnosis (false positive results) may result in unnecessary treatment.
What was the aim of this review?
To assess the accuracy of Xpert Ultra for diagnosing tuberculosis affecting the lungs (pulmonary tuberculosis), central nervous system and brain (tuberculous meningitis), and lymph nodes, and for detecting resistance to rifampicin (an antibiotic used to treat tuberculosis), in children aged under 10 years who have symptoms of tuberculosis.
What did this review study?
Xpert Ultra simultaneously detects Mycobacterium tuberculosis and resistance to rifampicin. For Mycobacterium tuberculosis detection, we assessed results against two benchmarks: culture (a method used to grow the germ) and a composite disease definition based on symptoms, chest X-ray, and culture. For rifampicin resistance detection, we assessed results against drug susceptibility testing or genome sequencing (methods for identifying drug resistance mutations).
What were the main results of this review?
We included 23 studies in total. Most studies looked at pulmonary tuberculosis (21 studies, 9223 children). Three studies investigated rifampicin resistance, three investigated tuberculous meningitis, and two investigated lymph node tuberculosis.
For a population of 1000 children where 100 have pulmonary tuberculosis (according to culture results):
In sputum:
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112 would be Xpert Ultra positive, of whom 75 would have pulmonary tuberculosis (true positives) and 37 would not (false positives).
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888 would be Xpert Ultra negative, of whom 863 would not have pulmonary tuberculosis (true negatives) and 25 would have pulmonary tuberculosis (false negatives).
In gastric aspirate:
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151 would be Xpert Ultra positive, of whom 70 would have pulmonary tuberculosis (true positives) and 81 would not (false positives).
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849 would be Xpert Ultra negative, of whom 819 would not have pulmonary tuberculosis (true negatives) and 30 would have pulmonary tuberculosis (false negatives).
In stool:
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85 would be Xpert Ultra positive, of whom 68 would have pulmonary tuberculosis (true positives) and 17 would not (false positives).
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915 would be Xpert Ultra negative, of whom 883 would not have pulmonary tuberculosis (true negatives) and 32 would have pulmonary tuberculosis (false negatives).
In nasopharyngeal aspirate:
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68 would be Xpert Ultra positive, of whom 46 would have pulmonary tuberculosis (true positives) and 22 would not (false positives).
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932 would be Xpert Ultra negative, of whom 878 would not have pulmonary tuberculosis (true negatives) and 54 would have pulmonary tuberculosis (false negatives).
In the three studies that looked at rifampicin resistance (in 76 children), only two children had rifampicin resistance.
The percentage of children with tuberculous meningitis detected by Xpert Ultra ranged between 67% and 100% (215 children in total, 13 with culture-confirmed tuberculous meningitis) in three studies. Xpert Ultra confirmed 100% of children with culture-confirmed lymph node tuberculosis in two studies (58 children in total, 21 with culture-confirmed lymph node tuberculosis).
What are the limitations of the evidence?
For pulmonary tuberculosis, we are moderately confident in our results. We included studies from different countries and used two different reference standards, although neither reference standard is perfect. We are less confident in the results for rifampicin resistance, because only three studies investigated this aspect, and only three children showed resistance to rifampicin. We could not combine results on lymph node tuberculosis or tuberculous meningitis from different studies because few studies investigated these types of tuberculosis.
Who do the results of this review apply to?
The review applies to children (birth–9 years) who are living with HIV or are HIV negative, with signs or symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis, tuberculous meningitis, or lymph node tuberculosis. The results also apply to children with severe malnutrition and tuberculosis symptoms. The results apply mainly to children living in parts of the world with high rates of tuberculosis or tuberculosis and HIV.
What are the implications of this review?
The results suggest that in children aged under 10 years, Xpert Ultra is moderately accurate for detecting pulmonary tuberculosis in samples of sputum, gastric aspirate, and stool. The accuracy in nasopharyngeal aspirate samples is lower.
When using Xpert Ultra, the risk of not diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis (confirmed by culture) is still present, suggesting that clinicians should not rely on Xpert Ultra alone.
How up to date is this review?
This review updates our previous review and includes evidence published up to 6 October 2023.
Vollständige Zusammenfassung lesen
In 2023, an estimated 1.3 million children (aged 0–14 years) became ill with tuberculosis, and 166,000 children (aged 0–15 years) died from the disease. Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra (Xpert Ultra) is a molecular World Health Organization (WHO)-recommended rapid diagnostic test that detects Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and rifampicin resistance. This is an update of a Cochrane review first published in 2020 and last updated in 2022. Parts of the current update informed the 2024 WHO updated guidance for the diagnosis of tuberculosis.
Zielsetzungen
To assess the diagnostic accuracy of Xpert Ultra for detecting pulmonary tuberculosis, tuberculous meningitis, lymph node tuberculosis, and rifampicin resistance in children (aged 0–9 years) with presumed tuberculosis.
Suchstrategie
We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, Embase, three other databases, and three trial registers without language restrictions to 6 October 2023.
Auswahlkriterien
For study design, we included cross-sectional and cohort studies and randomized trials that evaluated Xpert Ultra in HIV-positive and HIV-negative children aged birth to nine years. Regarding specimen type, we included studies evaluating sputum, gastric, stool, or nasopharyngeal specimens (pulmonary tuberculosis); cerebrospinal fluid (tuberculous meningitis); and fine needle aspirate or surgical biopsy tissue (lymph node tuberculosis). Reference standards for detection of tuberculosis were microbiological reference standard (MRS; including culture) or composite reference standard (CRS); for stool, we considered Xpert Ultra in sputum or gastric aspirates in addition to culture. Reference standards for detection of rifampicin resistance in sputum were phenotypic drug susceptibility testing or targeted or whole genome sequencing.
Datensammlung und ‐analyse
Two review authors independently extracted data and assessed methodological quality using the tailored QUADAS-2 tool, judging risk of bias separately for each target condition and sample type. We conducted separate meta-analyses for detection of pulmonary tuberculosis, tuberculous meningitis, lymph node tuberculosis, and rifampicin resistance. We used a bivariate model to estimate summary sensitivity and specificity with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We assessed certainty of evidence using the GRADE approach.
Hauptergebnisse
This update included 23 studies (including 9 new studies since the previous review) that evaluated detection of pulmonary tuberculosis (21 studies, 9223 children), tuberculous meningitis (3 studies, 215 children), lymph node tuberculosis (2 studies, 58 children), and rifampicin resistance (3 studies, 130 children). Seventeen studies (74%) took place in countries with a high tuberculosis burden. Overall, risk of bias and applicability concerns were low.
Detection of pulmonary tuberculosis (microbiological reference standard)
Sputum (11 studies)
Xpert Ultra summary sensitivity was 75.3% (95% CI 68.9% to 80.8%; 345 children; moderate-certainty evidence), and specificity was 95.9% (95% CI 92.3% to 97.9%; 2645 children; high-certainty evidence).
Gastric aspirate (12 studies)
Xpert Ultra summary sensitivity was 69.6% (95% CI 60.3% to 77.6%; 167 children; moderate-certainty evidence), and specificity was 91.0% (95% CI 82.5% to 95.6%; 1792 children; moderate-certainty evidence).
Stool (10 studies)
Xpert Ultra summary sensitivity was 68.0% (95% CI 50.3% to 81.7%; 255 children; moderate-certainty evidence), and specificity was 98.2% (95% CI 96.3% to 99.1%; 2630 children; high-certainty evidence).
Nasopharyngeal aspirate (6 studies)
Xpert Ultra summary sensitivity was 46.2% (95% CI 34.9% to 57.9%; 94 children; moderate-certainty evidence), and specificity was 97.5% (95% CI 95.1% to 98.7%; 1259 children; high-certainty evidence).
Xpert Ultra sensitivity was lower against CRS than against MRS for all specimen types, while the specificities were similar.
Extrapulmonary tuberculosis
Meta-analysis was not possible for lymph node tuberculosis and tuberculous meningitis due to low study numbers.
Interpretation of results
For a population of 1000 children, where 100 have pulmonary tuberculosis:
In sputum:
• 112 would be Xpert Ultra positive, of whom 75 would have pulmonary tuberculosis (true positives) and 37 would not (false positives).
• 888 would be Xpert Ultra negative, of whom 863 would not have pulmonary tuberculosis (true negatives) and 25 would have pulmonary tuberculosis (false negatives).
In gastric aspirate:
• 151 would be Xpert Ultra positive, of whom 70 would have pulmonary tuberculosis (true positives) and 81 would not (false positives).
• 849 would be Xpert Ultra negative, of whom 819 would not have pulmonary tuberculosis (true negatives) and 30 would have pulmonary tuberculosis (false negatives).
In stool:
• 85 would be Xpert Ultra positive, of whom 68 would have pulmonary tuberculosis (true positives) and 17 would not (false positives).
• 915 would be Xpert Ultra negative, of whom 883 would not have pulmonary tuberculosis (true negatives) and 32 would have pulmonary tuberculosis (false negatives).
In nasopharyngeal aspirate:
• 68 would be Xpert Ultra positive, of whom 46 would have pulmonary tuberculosis (true positives) and 22 would not (false positives).
• 932 would be Xpert Ultra negative, of whom 878 would not have pulmonary tuberculosis (true negatives), and 54 would have pulmonary tuberculosis (false negatives).
Detection of rifampicin resistance
Three studies with 76 children evaluated detection of rifampicin resistance (sputum only); two of these studies reported no cases and one reported rifampicin resistance in two children.
Schlussfolgerungen der Autoren
Xpert Ultra sensitivity was moderate in sputum, gastric aspirate, and stool specimens. Nasopharyngeal aspirate had the lowest sensitivity. Xpert Ultra specificity was high against both MRS and CRS. We were unable to determine the accuracy of Xpert Ultra for detecting tuberculous meningitis, lymph node tuberculosis, and rifampicin resistance due to a paucity of data.
Finanzierung
This update was funded through WHO.
Registrierung
The protocol for this review was originally published through Cochrane in 2019. The protocol for this update was a generic protocol that consolidated previously published Cochrane protocols of Xpert Ultra for tuberculosis detection and can be accessed at https://osf.io/26wg7/.
Protocol (2019) DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD013359
Original review (2020) DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD013359.pub2
Review update (2022) DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD013359.pub3
