Učinak vremena podvezivanja pupčane vrpce u djece rođene na termin na ishode majke i djeteta

Nakon porođaja dijete je još uvijek pričvršćeno za majku putem pupčane vrpce, koja je dio posteljice. Dijete se od posteljice obično razdvaja podvezivanjem pupčane vrpce. To podvezivanje dio je trećeg porođajnog doba (vrijeme od rođenja djeteta do porođaja posteljice). Iako se smatralo kako rano podvezivanje pupčane vrpce smanjuje rizik od krvarenja nakon porođaja (postpartalna hemoragija), ovaj je Cochrane sustavni pregled, u koji je uključeno 15 randomiziranih kliničkih istraživanja s ukupno 3911 parova žena i djece, pokazao da nema značajne razlike u krvarenju nakon porođaja između ranog i kasnog podvezivanja pupčane vrpce (usporedba između podvezivanja jednu ili tri minute nakon porođaja). Međutim, uočene su određene potencijalno važne prednosti odgođenog podvezivanja pupčane vrpce u zdrave djece rođene na termin, kao što su veća porođajna težina, veća rana koncentracija hemoglobina i veće rezerve željeza do 6 mjeseci nakon porođaja. Uočene prednosti treba razmotriti u svjetlu malog dodatnog rizika od žutice u novorođenčadi, zbog čega djetetu može biti potrebna terapija svjetlom (fototerapija).

Zaključak autora: 

A more liberal approach to delaying clamping of the umbilical cord in healthy term infants appears to be warranted, particularly in light of growing evidence that delayed cord clamping increases early haemoglobin concentrations and iron stores in infants. Delayed cord clamping is likely to be beneficial as long as access to treatment for jaundice requiring phototherapy is available.

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Uvod: 

Policies for timing of cord clamping vary, with early cord clamping generally carried out in the first 60 seconds after birth, whereas later cord clamping usually involves clamping the umbilical cord more than one minute after the birth or when cord pulsation has ceased. The benefits and potential harms of each policy are debated.

Ciljevi: 

To determine the effects of early cord clamping compared with late cord clamping after birth on maternal and neonatal outcomes

Metode pretraživanja: 

We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (13 February 2013).

Kriteriji odabira: 

Randomised controlled trials comparing early and late cord clamping.

Prikupljanje podataka i obrada: 

Two review authors independently assessed trial eligibility and quality and extracted data.

Glavni rezultati: 

We included 15 trials involving a total of 3911 women and infant pairs. We judged the trials to have an overall moderate risk of bias.

Maternal outcomes: No studies in this review reported on maternal death or on severe maternal morbidity. There were no significant differences between early versus late cord clamping groups for the primary outcome of severe postpartum haemorrhage (risk ratio (RR) 1.04, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.65 to 1.65; five trials with data for 2066 women with a late clamping event rate (LCER) of ~3.5%, I2 0%) or for postpartum haemorrhage of 500 mL or more (RR 1.17 95% CI 0.94 to 1.44; five trials, 2260 women with a LCER of ~12%, I2 0%). There were no significant differences between subgroups depending on the use of uterotonic drugs. Mean blood loss was reported in only two trials with data for 1345 women, with no significant differences seen between groups; or for maternal haemoglobin values (mean difference (MD) -0.12 g/dL; 95% CI -0.30 to 0.06, I2 0%) at 24 to 72 hours after the birth in three trials.

Neonatal outcomes: There were no significant differences between early and late clamping for the primary outcome of neonatal mortality (RR 0.37, 95% CI 0.04 to 3.41, two trials, 381 infants with a LCER of ~1%), or for most other neonatal morbidity outcomes, such as Apgar score less than seven at five minutes or admission to the special care nursery or neonatal intensive care unit. Mean birthweight was significantly higher in the late, compared with early, cord clamping (101 g increase 95% CI 45 to 157, random-effects model, 12 trials, 3139 infants, I2 62%). Fewer infants in the early cord clamping group required phototherapy for jaundice than in the late cord clamping group (RR 0.62, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.96, data from seven trials, 2324 infants with a LCER of 4.36%, I2 0%). Haemoglobin concentration in infants at 24 to 48 hours was significantly lower in the early cord clamping group (MD -1.49 g/dL, 95% CI -1.78 to -1.21; 884 infants, I2 59%). This difference in haemoglobin concentration was not seen at subsequent assessments. However, improvement in iron stores appeared to persist, with infants in the early cord clamping over twice as likely to be iron deficient at three to six months compared with infants whose cord clamping was delayed (RR 2.65 95% CI 1.04 to 6.73, five trials, 1152 infants, I2 82%). In the only trial to report longer-term neurodevelopmental outcomes so far, no overall differences between early and late clamping were seen for Ages and Stages Questionnaire scores.

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