Cochrane

Background Lung cancer is the most common cause of death from cancer worldwide. Tobacco smoking constitutes the most important risk factor for lung cancer. Most people with lung cancer are still active smokers at diagnosis or frequently relapse (restart) after smoking cessation. Quitting smoking is the most effective way for smokers to reduce the ...

Background Smokeless tobacco is any product in which tobacco is held in the mouth so that nicotine is absorbed through the lining of the mouth. Smokeless tobacco is less dangerous than cigarettes and other products where tobacco is burnt and nicotine absorbed through the lungs. However, smokeless tobacco still leads to nicotine addiction and can be ...

Background Medications (including all types of nicotine replacement therapy, bupropion and varenicline) have been shown to help people quit smoking, and people seeking help to quit smoking will frequently be offered medication (pharmacotherapy). Behavioural support also helps people to quit. Behavioural support may include brief advice or more intensive ...

Review question We reviewed the evidence to establish by how much the amounts of food, alcohol or tobacco adults and children select or consume change in response to being presented with larger or smaller-sized (or differently shaped) portions or packages of these products, or of items of tableware (such as plates or glasses) used to consume them. Study ...

Background Waterpipe smoking is a traditional method of tobacco use, especially in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, but its use is now spreading worldwide. It is smoked socially and often shared between friends or family at home, or in bars and cafes that provide waterpipes to patrons. In the absence of relevant data, many waterpipe tobacco smokers ...

Smoking is a risk factor for heart attacks and stopping smoking is recommended for patients after a heart attack. Psychosocial smoking cessation interventions like counseling can help such patients to stop smoking, if they are provided for over one month. Psychosocial interventions can help such patients to quit within 6 months but studies about the ...

Background Drug-using offenders by their nature represent a socially excluded group in which drug use is more prevalent than in the rest of the population. Pharmacological interventions play an important role in the rehabilitation of drug-using offenders. For this reason, it is important to investigate what we know works when pharmacological interventions ...

Background Drug-using offenders naturally represent a socially excluded group where drug use is more prevalent than in the rest of the population. A growing number of female offenders are being incarcerated for drug-related crimes. For this reason, it is important to investigate what we know about what works for female offenders. Study characteristics The ...

Background A number of policy directives are aimed at enabling people with drug problems to live healthy, crime-free lives. Drug-using offenders with co-occurring mental health problems represent a group who access treatment for a variety of different reasons. The complexity of the two problems makes the treatment and rehabilitation of this group ...

Background A pharmacological agent with proven efficacy does not exist for treatment of cocaine misuse. Cocaine is an alkaloid derived from the erythroxylon coca leaf that is used as powder for intranasal or intravenous use or as crack, a free-base form which is smoked. Cocaine misuse is a major public health problem because its use can be associated ...