Cochrane

Review question Kidney cancer is rarely curable once it has spread to other organs at the time of diagnosis. Targeted agents are currently considered as the standard treatment for advanced kidney cancer that has spread to other organs. This review examines clinical studies that have directly compared immunotherapies or combination therapies to current ...

Review question We reviewed the evidence to compare the effects of removing only the tumour (partial nephrectomy) versus removing the entire kidney (radical nephrectomy) in individuals with a small kidney cancer that has not spread to other parts of the body. Background Small kidney tumours are often discovered on imaging studies (like CT scans) ...

Review question In patients who have their bladder removed, does the drug alvimopan compared to placebo help them recover their bowel function more quickly? Background Surgical removal of the bladder is a major operation that requires a stay of several days in hospital. One of the issues that keeps patients in hospital is not being able to eat normal ...

Review question We reviewed the evidence on the effects of local treatment of the bladder with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and interferon (IFN)-alpha (α) for cancer of the superficial layers of the bladder (known as non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer). Background Bladder cancer is a common cancer worldwide. Bladder cancer that is non-muscle invasive ...

Urinary dipsticks are sometimes used for screening healthy people and patients that do not have symptoms of urinary disease. Urinary dipsticks can be used to test for several different substances, such as blood, sugar, protein, white blood cells and nitrite in the urine, which may indicate the presence of disease. Identified abnormalities sometimes ...

Review question We reviewed the evidence on the effects of androgen suppression monotherapies (non-steroidal antiandrogens compared with medical or surgical castration monotherapy) in men with advanced prostate cancer. Background Prostate cancer is among the top six most lethal cancers, and treatment implies a high disease burden for patients. An ...

Approximately one in six men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer in their lifetime, and the number of men living with, or after, the diagnosis will continue to rise. Some of them will experience problems such as difficulty in passing urine, pain and sexual dysfunction, and these may cause distress, anxiety, uncertainty or depression. Their quality ...

Prostate cancer is one of the most prevalent forms of cancer in men worldwide. Screening for prostate cancer implies that diagnostic tests be performed in the absence of any symptoms or indications of disease. These tests include the digital rectal examination (DRE), the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test and transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) guided ...

When bladder cancer is confined to the lining of the bladder it is treated surgically to remove the tumours. However, the tumours may recur and so another type of treatment is often used following surgery called intravesical therapy, whereby agents are instilled directly into the bladder to prevent tumour recurrence. These agents, such as Bacillus Calmette-Guérin ...

Prostate cancer is a common form of cancer affecting men worldwide. Pharmaceutical interventions, such as 5-alpha reductase inhibitors, have been identified as potentially preventing prostate cancer incidence in men. Many men modify lifestyle and consume complementary and alternative medicines to maintain better health and prevent disease. Lycopene ...