Cochrane Reviews - by sub-topics 'Pregnancy and Childbirth'

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Pregnancy and Childbirth Group (516)

Basic care during pregnancy (12)

Basic care (10)

Continuity of caregivers for care during pregnancy and childbirth (withdrawn)

Critical incident audit and feedback to improve perinatal and maternal mortality and morbidity

Giving women their own case notes to carry during pregnancy

Home visits during pregnancy and after birth for women with an alcohol or drug problem

Individual or group antenatal education for childbirth or parenthood, or both

Maternity waiting facilities for improving maternal and neonatal outcome in low-resource countries

Midwife-led versus other models of care for childbearing women

Preconception counselling for women with epilepsy to reduce adverse pregnancy outcome

Routine pre-pregnancy health promotion for improving pregnancy outcomes

Traditional birth attendant training for improving health behaviours and pregnancy outcomes

Dietary patterns in pregnancy (2)

Effects of restricted caffeine intake by mother on fetal, neonatal and pregnancy outcome

Interventions for preventing excessive weight gain during pregnancy (protocol stage)

Antenatal care (9)

Alternative versus standard packages of antenatal care for low-risk pregnancy

Antenatal day care units versus hospital admission for women with complicated pregnancy

Community-based intervention package for preventing maternal morbidity and mortality and improving neonatal outcomes (protocol stage)

Group versus conventional antenatal care for pregnant women (protocol stage)

Repeat digital cervical assessment in pregnancy for identifying women at risk of preterm labour (protocol stage)

Social and lifestyle interventions for preventing low birthweight in South Asians (protocol stage)

Support during pregnancy for women at increased risk of low birthweight babies

Symphysial fundal height measurement (SFH) in pregnancy for detecting abnormal fetal growth (protocol stage)

Symphysis-fundal height measurement in pregnancy

Behaviour/advice during pregnancy (9)

Smoking (1)

Interventions for promoting smoking cessation during pregnancy

Work and physical activity (1)

Aerobic exercise for women during pregnancy

Sexual activity (0)

Alcohol (4)

Home visits during pregnancy and after birth for women with an alcohol or drug problem

Pharmacologic Interventions for Pregnant Women Enrolled in Alcohol Treatment

Psychological and/or educational interventions for reducing alcohol consumption in pregnant women and women planning pregnancy

Psychosocial interventions for women enrolled in alcohol treatment during pregnancy.

Drug misuse [Cochrane Drugs and Alcohol Group] (3)

Home visits during pregnancy and after birth for women with an alcohol or drug problem

Maintenance agonist treatments for opiate dependent pregnant women

Psychosocial interventions for pregnant women in outpatient illicit drug treatment programs compared to other interventions

Violence against women (0)

Nutrition during pregnancy (20)

Pre/periconceptional care (2)

Effects and safety of periconceptional folate supplementation for preventing birth defects (protocol stage)

Periconceptional supplementation with folate and/or multivitamins for preventing neural tube defects

Energy/protein intake (5)

Energy and protein intake in pregnancy

Energy/protein restriction for high weight-for-height or weight gain during pregnancy (withdrawn)

High protein supplementation in pregnancy (withdrawn)

Isocaloric balanced protein supplementation in pregnancy (withdrawn)

Nutritional advice in pregnancy (withdrawn)

Dietary antigen avoidance (3)

Maternal antigen avoidance during lactation for preventing atopic disease in infants of women at high risk (withdrawn)

Maternal antigen avoidance during lactation for preventing atopic eczema in infants (withdrawn)

Maternal dietary antigen avoidance during pregnancy or lactation, or both, for preventing or treating atopic disease in the child

Vitamins/minerals (10)

Calcium supplementation (other than for preventing or treating hypertension) for improving pregnancy and infant outcomes (protocol stage)

Interventions with iodine for women during pregnancy

Magnesium supplementation in pregnancy

Multiple-micronutrient supplementation for women during pregnancy

Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) supplementation in pregnancy

Vitamin A supplementation during pregnancy

Vitamin C supplementation in pregnancy

Vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy

Vitamin E supplementation in pregnancy

Zinc supplementation for improving pregnancy and infant outcome

Symptoms during pregnancy (10)

Antihistamines versus aspirin for itching in late pregnancy

Creams for preventing stretch marks in pregnancy

Interventions for heartburn in pregnancy

Interventions for leg cramps in pregnancy

Interventions for nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy (protocol stage)

Interventions for nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy

Interventions for preventing and treating pelvic and back pain in pregnancy

Interventions for treating constipation in pregnancy

Interventions for varicose veins and leg oedema in pregnancy

Safety of topical corticosteroids in pregnancy

Psychological wellbeing during pregnancy (6)

Antenatal psychosocial assessment for reducing perinatal mental health morbidity

Antipsychotic drugs for non-affective psychosis during pregnancy and postpartum

Interventions (other than pharmacological, psychosocial or psychological) for treating antenatal depression

Mind-body interventions during pregnancy for preventing or treating women's anxiety (protocol stage)

Psychosocial and psychological interventions for preventing postpartum depression

Psychosocial and psychological interventions for treating antenatal depression

Miscarriage (15)

Prevention (8)

Aspirin or anticoagulants for treating recurrent miscarriage in women without antiphospholipid syndrome

Bed rest during pregnancy for preventing miscarriage

Human chorionic gonadotrophin for recurrent miscarriage (withdrawn)

Immunotherapy for recurrent miscarriage

Oestrogen supplementation, mainly diethylstilbestrol, for preventing miscarriages and other adverse pregnancy outcomes

Prevention of recurrent miscarriage for women with antiphospholipid antibody or lupus anticoagulant

Progestogen for preventing miscarriage

Vitamin supplementation for preventing miscarriage

Treatment of threatened miscarriage (3)

Human chorionic gonadotrophin for threatened miscarriage (protocol stage)

Progestogen for treating threatened miscarriage

Uterine muscle relaxant drugs for threatened miscarriage

Treatment (4)

Expectant care versus surgical treatment for miscarriage

Medical treatment for early fetal death (less than 24 weeks)

Medical treatments for incomplete miscarriage (less than 24 weeks) (protocol stage)

Surgical procedures to evacuate incomplete miscarriage

Medical problems during pregnancy (69)

Hypertension during pregnancy (35)

Prevention (15)

Altered dietary salt for preventing pre-eclampsia, and its complications

Antibiotics for preventing hypertensive diseases in pregnancy (protocol stage)

Antioxidants for preventing pre-eclampsia

Antiplatelet agents for preventing and treating pre-eclampsia (withdrawn)

Antiplatelet agents for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications

Calcium supplementation during pregnancy for preventing hypertensive disorders and related problems

Diuretics for preventing pre-eclampsia

Exercise or other physical activity for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications

Garlic for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications

Interventions for preventing pre-eclampsia and its consequences: generic protocol (protocol stage)

Marine oil, and other prostaglandin precursor, supplementation for pregnancy uncomplicated by pre-eclampsia or intrauterine growth restriction

Nitric oxide for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications

Progesterone for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications

Reduced salt intake compared to normal dietary salt, or high intake, in pregnancy

Rest during pregnancy for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications in women with normal blood pressure

Detection (1)

Ambulatory versus conventional methods for monitoring blood pressure during pregnancy

Treatment of mild/moderate hypertension (5)

Antihypertensive drug therapy for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy

Bed rest with or without hospitalisation for hypertension during pregnancy

Chinese herbal medicines for treating pre-eclampsia

Oral beta-blockers for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy

Tight versus very tight control of mild-moderate pre-existing or non-proteinuric gestational hypertension for improving outcomes (protocol stage)

Treatment of severe pre-eclampsia/eclampsia (14)

Alternative magnesium sulphate regimens for women with pre-eclampsia and eclampsia (protocol stage)

Bed rest with or without hospitalisation for hypertension during pregnancy

Corticosteroids for HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets) syndrome in pregnancy (protocol stage)

Corticosteroids for HELLP syndrome in pregnancy (withdrawn)

Drugs for treatment of very high blood pressure during pregnancy

Interventionist versus expectant care for severe pre-eclampsia before term

Interventions for treating pre-eclampsia and its consequences: generic protocol (protocol stage)

Low-dose dopamine for women with severe pre-eclampsia

Magnesium sulphate and other anticonvulsants for women with pre-eclampsia

Magnesium sulphate versus diazepam for eclampsia

Magnesium sulphate versus lytic cocktail for eclampsia

Magnesium sulphate versus phenytoin for eclampsia

Plasma volume expansion for treatment of pre-eclampsia

Prevention and treatment of postpartum hypertension

Anaemia during pregnancy (9)

Prevention (5)

Effects and safety of preventive oral iron or iron+folic acid supplementation for women during pregnancy

Folate supplementation in pregnancy (withdrawn)

Folate supplementation in pregnancy (protocol stage)

Iron and folate supplementation in pregnancy (withdrawn)

Iron supplementation in pregnancy (withdrawn)

Treatment (4)

Interventions for treating painful sickle cell crisis during pregnancy

Prophylactic versus selective blood transfusion for sickle cell anaemia during pregnancy (withdrawn)

Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia

Treatments for iron-deficiency anaemia in pregnancy

Glucose intolerance (13)

Gestational diabetes (8)

Alternative strategies for diagnosing gestational diabetes mellitus to improve maternal and infant health (protocol stage)

Dietary advice in pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus

Dietary regulation for 'gestational diabetes' (withdrawn)

Different techniques of blood glucose monitoring in women with gestational diabetes for improving maternal and infant health (protocol stage)

Elective delivery in diabetic pregnant women

Exercise for diabetic pregnant women

Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus for improving maternal and infant health (protocol stage)

Treatments for gestational diabetes

Diabetes (5)

Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple daily injections of insulin for pregnant women with diabetes

Elective delivery in diabetic pregnant women

Oral anti-diabetic agents for women with pre-existing diabetes mellitus/impaired glucose tolerance or previous gestational diabetes mellitus (protocol stage)

Preconception care for diabetic women to improve maternal and infant health (protocol stage)

Very tight versus tight control for diabetes in pregnancy (withdrawn)

Thromboembolic disease (4)

Anticoagulant therapy for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in pregnancy (protocol stage)

Heparin for pregnant women with acquired or inherited thrombophilias

Medical treatments for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura during pregnancy

Prophylaxis for venous thromboembolic disease in pregnancy and the early postnatal period

Cardiac and renal disease (1)

Treatment of valvular heart disease during pregnancy for improving maternal and neonatal outcome (protocol stage)

Other diseases in pregnancy (7)

Combination chemotherapy for high-risk gestational trophoblastic tumour

Common antiepileptic drugs in pregnancy in women with epilepsy

Conservative management of symptomatic and/or complicated haemorrhoids in pregnancy and the puerperium

Interventions for clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy (protocol stage)

Interventions for treating cholestasis in pregnancy

Laparoscopic surgery for presumed benign ovarian tumor during pregnancy

Safety of topical corticosteroids in pregnancy

Fetal assessment before labour (35)

Ultrasound (4)

High feedback versus low feedback of routine prenatal ultrasound for improving outcomes (protocol stage)

Routine ultrasound in late pregnancy (after 24 weeks' gestation)

Ultrasound for fetal assessment in early pregnancy

Ultrasound for fetal assessment in early pregnancy (protocol stage)

Prenatal diagnosis (6)

Invasive procedures (6)

Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling for prenatal diagnosis

Antenatal screening for Down's syndrome - generic protocol (protocol stage)

Chorion villus sampling versus amniocentesis for prenatal diagnosis (withdrawn)

Different communication strategies for disclosing results of diagnostic prenatal testing (protocol stage)

Early amniocentesis versus transabdominal chorion villus sampling for prenatal diagnosis (withdrawn)

Instruments for chorionic villus sampling for prenatal diagnosis

Counselling (0)

Impaired fetal growth and well being (25)

Fetal compromise during pregnancy (25)

Screening and diagnosis (13)

Amniotic fluid index versus single deepest vertical pocket as a screening test for preventing adverse pregnancy outcome

Antenatal cardiotocography for fetal assessment (protocol stage)

Biochemical tests of placental function for assessment in pregnancy

Biophysical profile for fetal assessment in high risk pregnancies

Cardiotocography for antepartum fetal assessment

Doppler ultrasound for fetal assessment in high risk pregnancies

Fetal and umbilical Doppler ultrasound in high-risk pregnancies (protocol stage)

Fetal and umbilical Doppler ultrasound in normal pregnancy

Fetal manipulation for facilitating tests of fetal wellbeing

Fetal movement counting for assessment of fetal wellbeing

Fetal vibroacoustic stimulation for facilitation of tests of fetal wellbeing

Maternal glucose administration for facilitating tests of fetal wellbeing

Regimens of fetal surveillance for impaired fetal growth

Conservative management of compromised fetus (12)

Abdominal decompression for suspected fetal compromise/pre-eclampsia

Abdominal decompression in normal pregnancy

Antithrombotic therapy for improving maternal or infant health outcomes in women considered at risk of placental dysfunction (protocol stage)

Bed rest in hospital for suspected impaired fetal growth

Betamimetics for suspected impaired fetal growth

Calcium channel blockers for potential impaired fetal growth

Hormones for suspected impaired fetal growth

Maternal hydration for increasing amniotic fluid volume in oligohydramnios and normal amniotic fluid volume

Maternal nutrient supplementation for suspected impaired fetal growth

Maternal oxygen administration for suspected impaired fetal growth

Plasma volume expansion for suspected impaired fetal growth

Transcutaneous electrostimulation for suspected placental insufficiency (diagnosed by Doppler studies)

Fetal disease (6)

Blood group incompatibilities - prevention and treatment (6)

Antenatal interventions for fetomaternal alloimmune thrombocytopenia

Antenatal phenobarbital for reducing neonatal jaundice after red cell isoimmunization

Anti-D administration after childbirth for preventing Rhesus alloimmunisation

Anti-D administration in pregnancy for preventing Rhesus alloimmunisation

Intramuscular versus intravenous anti-D for preventing Rhesus alloimmunization during pregnancy (protocol stage)

Techniques of intrauterine fetal transfusion for women with red-cell isoimmunisation for improving health outcomes (protocol stage)

Fetal surgery (0)

Specific fetal infections (0)

Prelabour rupture of membranes (5)

Prelabour rupture of membranes preterm (4)

Amnioinfusion for preterm rupture of membranes

Antibiotics for preterm rupture of membranes

Planned home versus hospital care for preterm prelabour rupture of the membranes (PPROM) prior to 37 weeks' gestation (protocol stage)

Tocolytics for preterm premature rupture of membranes (protocol stage)

Prelabour rupture of membranes at term (1)

Antibiotics for prelabour rupture of membranes at or near term

Preterm labour (44)

Prediction/prevention (17)

Antenatal lower genital tract infection screening and treatment programs for preventing preterm delivery

Antibiotics for treating bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy

Bed rest in singleton pregnancies for preventing preterm birth

Cervical assessment by ultrasound for preventing preterm delivery

Cervical pessary for preventing preterm birth (protocol stage)

Cervical stitch (cerclage) for preventing pregnancy loss in women

Cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibitors for preventing preterm labour (protocol stage)

Fetal fibronectin testing for reducing the risk of preterm birth

Home uterine monitoring for detecting preterm labour (protocol stage)

Magnesium supplementation in pregnancy

Prenatal administration of progesterone for preventing preterm birth in women considered to be at risk of preterm birth

Probiotics for preventing preterm labour

Prophylactic oral betamimetics for preventing preterm labour in singleton pregnancies

Relaxation therapy for preventing and treating preterm labour (protocol stage)

Risk scoring systems for predicting preterm birth with the aim of reducing associated adverse outcomes (protocol stage)

Specialised antenatal clinics for women with a pregnancy at high risk of preterm birth (excluding multiple pregnancy) to improve maternal and infant outcomes (protocol stage)

Treating periodontal disease for preventing preterm birth in pregnant women (protocol stage)

Fetal maturation/treatment (9)

Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth

Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth

Intra-amniotic surfactant for women at risk of preterm birth for preventing respiratory distress in newborns (protocol stage)

Magnesium sulphate for women at risk of preterm birth for neuroprotection of the fetus

Phenobarbital prior to preterm birth for preventing neonatal periventricular haemorrhage

Prophylactic corticosteroids for preterm birth (withdrawn)

Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for preventing neonatal respiratory disease

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone added to corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for preventing neonatal respiratory disease

Vitamin K prior to preterm birth for preventing neonatal periventricular haemorrhage

Treatment (10)

Betamimetics for inhibiting preterm labour

Calcium channel blockers for inhibiting preterm labour

Combination of tocolytic agents for inhibiting preterm labour (protocol stage)

Cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibitors for treating preterm labour

Hydration for treatment of preterm labour

Magnesium sulphate for preventing preterm birth in threatened preterm labour

Nitric oxide donors for the treatment of preterm labour

Oxytocin receptor antagonists for inhibiting preterm labour

Progestational agents for treating threatened or established preterm labour (protocol stage)

Prophylactic antibiotics for inhibiting preterm labour with intact membranes

Maintenance (6)

Home uterine monitoring for detecting preterm labour (protocol stage)

Magnesium maintenance therapy for preventing preterm birth after threatened preterm labour

Maintenance therapy with calcium channel blockers for preventing preterm birth after threatened preterm labour

Maintenance therapy with oxytocin antagonists for inhibiting preterm birth after threatened preterm labour

Oral betamimetics for maintenance therapy after threatened preterm labour

Terbutaline pump maintenance therapy after threatened preterm labor for preventing preterm birth

Delivery (2)

Early umbilical cord clamping versus placental transfusion at delivery of preterm infants

Elective caesarean section versus expectant management for delivery of the small baby

Multiple pregnancy (10)

Caesarean delivery for the second twin

Doppler ultrasound for fetal assessment in high risk pregnancies

Elective delivery of women with a twin pregnancy from 37 weeks' gestation

Fetal and umbilical Doppler ultrasound in high-risk pregnancies (protocol stage)

Hospitalisation and bed rest for multiple pregnancy

Interventions for the treatment of twin-twin transfusion syndrome

Planned caesarean section for women with a twin pregnancy (protocol stage)

Prophylactic oral betamimetics for reducing preterm birth in women with a twin pregnancy

Reduction of the number of fetuses for women with triplet and higher order multiple pregnancies

Specialised antenatal clinics for women with a multiple pregnancy for improving maternal and infant outcomes

Antepartum haemorrhage (2)

Interventions for suspected placenta praevia

Interventions for treating placental abruption

Infection during pregnancy (34)

Vaginal infection (12)

Antibiotics for gonorrhoea in pregnancy

Antibiotics for treating bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy

Antibiotics for ureaplasma in the vagina in pregnancy

Interventions for treating genital chlamydia trachomatis infection in pregnancy

Interventions for trichomoniasis in pregnancy

Intrapartum antibiotics for Group B streptococcal colonisation

Intrapartum antibiotics for known maternal Group B streptococcal colonization

Prophylactic antibiotic administration in pregnancy to prevent infectious morbidity and mortality

Third trimester antiviral prophylaxis for preventing maternal genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) recurrences and neonatal infection

Topical treatment for vaginal candidiasis (thrush) in pregnancy

Vaginal chlorhexidine during labour for preventing maternal and neonatal infections (excluding Group B Streptococcal and HIV)

Vaginal chlorhexidine during labour to prevent early-onset neonatal group B streptococcal infection

Urinary tract infection (4)

Antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy

Different antibiotic regimens for treating asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy (protocol stage)

Duration of treatment for asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy

Treatments for symptomatic urinary tract infections during pregnancy

Other infections (18)

Antibiotic regimens for management of intraamniotic infection

Antibiotics for meconium-stained amniotic fluid in labour for preventing neonatal sepsis (protocol stage)

Antibiotics for syphilis diagnosed during pregnancy

Antiretrovirals for reducing the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection

Caesarean section versus vaginal delivery for preventing mother to infant hepatitis C virus transmission

Drugs for preventing malaria in pregnant women

Drugs for treating uncomplicated malaria in pregnant women

Effect of administration of antihelminthics for soil transmitted helminths during pregnancy

Efficacy and safety of cesarean delivery for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1

Hepatitis B vaccination during pregnancy for preventing infant infection (protocol stage)

Insecticide-treated nets for preventing malaria in pregnancy

Interventions for reducing the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection

Pneumococcal vaccination during pregnancy for preventing infant infection

Prenatal education for congenital toxoplasmosis

Treatments for toxoplasmosis in pregnancy

Vaccines for women to prevent neonatal tetanus

Vaginal disinfection for preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection

Vitamin A supplementation for reducing the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection

Fetal malpresentation (8)

Cephalic version by moxibustion for breech presentation

Cephalic version by postural management for breech presentation

Expedited versus conservative approaches for vaginal delivery in breech presentation

External cephalic version for breech presentation at term

External cephalic version for breech presentation before term

Hands and knees posture in late pregnancy or labour for fetal malposition (lateral or posterior)

Interventions to help external cephalic version for breech presentation at term

Planned caesarean section for term breech delivery

Care during childbirth (42)

Place of birth (2)

Home versus hospital birth

Home-like versus conventional institutional settings for birth

Routine intrapartum care (14)

Antenatal education for self-diagnosis of the onset of active labour at term

Caesarean section for non-medical reasons at term

Continuous support for women during childbirth

Effect of partogram use on outcomes for women in spontaneous labour at term

Enemas during labour

Immersion in water in labour and birth

Interventions for ketosis during labour

Intravenous fluids for preventing dehydration and prolonged labour in nulliparous women (protocol stage)

Labour assessment programs to delay admission to labour wards

Maternal positions and mobility during first stage labour

Package of care for active management in labour for reducing caesarean section rates in low-risk women

Restricting oral fluid and food intake during labour (protocol stage)

Routine perineal shaving on admission in labour

Use of intra-uterine pressure catheter (IUPC) versus external tocodynamometry (TOCO) during labour for reducing adverse outcomes (protocol stage)

Normal labour - antacids (1)

Routine prophylactic drugs in normal labour for reducing gastric aspiration and its effects

Normal birth (25)

Second stage (6)

Episiotomy for vaginal birth

Fundal pressure during the second stage of labour

Immersion in water in labour and birth

Perineal techniques during the second stage of labour for reducing perineal trauma (protocol stage)

Position in the second stage of labour for women with epidural anaesthesia (protocol stage)

Position in the second stage of labour for women without epidural anaesthesia

Third stage (19)

Active versus expectant management for women in the third stage of labour (protocol stage)

Active versus expectant management in the third stage of labour (withdrawn)

Alternative positions for the baby at birth before clamping the umbilical cord (protocol stage)

Controlled cord traction for the third stage of labour (protocol stage)

Early umbilical cord clamping versus placental transfusion at delivery of preterm infants

Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping of term infants on maternal and neonatal outcomes

Fundal pressure versus controlled cord traction as part of the active management of the third stage of labour

Oxytocin agonists for preventing postpartum haemorrhage

Placental cord drainage after spontaneous vaginal delivery as part of the management of the third stage of labour

Prophylactic ergometrine-oxytocin versus oxytocin for the third stage of labour

Prophylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour

Prophylactic use of ergot alkaloids in the third stage of labour

Prostaglandins for preventing postpartum haemorrhage

Timing of prophylactic oxytocics for the third stage of labour after vaginal birth (protocol stage)

Topical umbilical cord care at birth

Traditional Chinese medicine for preventing postpartum hemorrhage (protocol stage)

Tranexamic acid for preventing postpartum haemorrhage (protocol stage)

Umbilical vein injection for the routine management of third stage of labour (protocol stage)

Uterine massage for preventing postpartum haemorrhage

Postpartum haemorrhage/retained placenta (5)

Prophylactic antibiotics for manual removal of retained placenta in vaginal birth

Tocolysis for management of retained placenta (protocol stage)

Treatment for primary postpartum haemorrhage

Treatments for secondary postpartum haemorrhage

Umbilical vein injection for management of retained placenta

Induction of labour (41)

Specific indications (13)

Elective delivery in diabetic pregnant women

Elective delivery of women with a twin pregnancy from 37 weeks' gestation

Elective repeat caesarean section versus induction of labour for women with a previous caesarean birth

Induction of labour for improving birth outcomes for women at or beyond term

Induction of labour for suspected fetal macrosomia

Interventions for preventing or improving the outcome of delivery at or beyond term (withdrawn)

Misoprostol for induction of labour to terminate pregnancy in the second or third trimester for women with a fetal anomaly or after intrauterine fetal death (protocol stage)

Oxytocin for prelabour rupture of membranes at or near term (withdrawn)

Planned early birth versus expectant management (waiting) for prelabour rupture of membranes at term (37 weeks or more)

Planned early birth versus expectant management for women with preterm prelabour rupture of membranes prior to 37 weeks' gestation for improving pregnancy outcome (protocol stage)

Prostaglandins for prelabour rupture of membranes at or near term (withdrawn)

Prostaglandins versus oxytocin for prelabour rupture of membranes at or near term (withdrawn)

Prostaglandins versus oxytocin for prelabour rupture of membranes at term (withdrawn)

Techniques - primary reviews (25)

Acupuncture for induction of labour

Amniotomy alone for induction of labour

Amniotomy plus intravenous oxytocin for induction of labour

Breast stimulation for cervical ripening and induction of labour

Buccal or sublingual misoprostol for cervical ripening and induction of labour

Castor oil, bath and/or enema for cervical priming and induction of labour

Corticosteroids for cervical ripening and induction of labour

Extra-amniotic prostaglandin for induction of labour

Homoeopathy for induction of labour

Hyaluronidase for cervical ripening and induction of labour

Intracervical prostaglandins for induction of labour

Intravenous oxytocin alone for cervical ripening and induction of labour

Intravenous prostaglandin for induction of labour

Mechanical methods for induction of labour

Membrane sweeping for induction of labour

Methods for cervical ripening and labour induction in late pregnancy: generic protocol (protocol stage)

Mifepristone for induction of labour

Nitric oxide donors for cervical ripening and induction of labour (protocol stage)

Oestrogens alone or with amniotomy for cervical ripening or induction of labour

Oral misoprostol for induction of labour

Oral prostaglandin E2 for induction of labour

Relaxin for cervical ripening and induction of labour

Sexual intercourse for cervical ripening and induction of labour

Vaginal misoprostol for cervical ripening and induction of labour

Vaginal prostaglandin (PGE2 and PGF2a) for induction of labour at term

Techniques - secondary reviews (0)

Miscellaneous (3)

Different methods for the induction of labour in outpatient settings (protocol stage)

Morning versus evening induction of labour for improving outcomes (protocol stage)

Outpatient versus inpatient induction of labour for improving birth outcomes

Pain during labour (10)

Non-pharmacological methods (3)

Biofeedback for pain during labour (protocol stage)

Complementary and alternative therapies for pain management in labour

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for pain relief in labour

Pharmacological methods (7)

Combined spinal-epidural versus epidural analgesia in labour

Discontinuation of epidural analgesia late in labour for reducing the adverse delivery outcomes associated with epidural analgesia

Early versus late initiation of epidural analgesia for labour (protocol stage)

Epidural versus non-epidural or no analgesia in labour

Parenteral opioids for maternal pain relief in labour (protocol stage)

Prophylactic intravenous preloading for regional analgesia in labour

Types of intra-muscular opioids for maternal pain relief in labour (withdrawn)

Dystocia (9)

Fetopelvic disproportion (2)

Pelvimetry for fetal cephalic presentations at or near term

Symphysiotomy for feto-pelvic disproportion (protocol stage)

Prevention (1)

Intrapartum interventions for preventing shoulder dystocia

Augmentation (5)

Amniotomy for shortening spontaneous labour

Amniotomy for shortening spontaneous labour (withdrawn)

Early amniotomy and early oxytocin for prevention of, or therapy for, delay in first stage spontaneous labour compared with routine care

High dose versus low dose oxytocin for augmentation of labour (protocol stage)

Oxytocin versus placebo or no treatment for slow progress in the first stage of spontaneous labour (protocol stage)

Malposition (1)

Expedited versus conservative approaches for vaginal delivery in breech presentation

Other (0)

Fetal compromise during labour (17)

Diagnosis/prevention (9)

Cardiotocography versus intermittent auscultation of fetal heart on admission to labour ward for assessment of fetal wellbeing (protocol stage)

Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour

Continuous electronic heart rate monitoring for fetal assessment during labor (withdrawn)

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) for fetal monitoring during labour

Fetal pulse oximetry for fetal assessment in labour

Intrapartum fetal scalp lactate sampling for fetal assessment in the presence of a non-reassuring fetal heart rate trace (protocol stage)

Near-infrared spectroscopy for fetal assessment during labour

Prophylactic versus therapeutic amnioinfusion for oligohydramnios in labour

Vibroacoustic stimulation for fetal assessment in labour in the presence of a nonreassuring fetal heart rate trace

Treatment (8)

Amnioinfusion for meconium-stained liquor in labour

Amnioinfusion for potential or suspected umbilical cord compression in labour

Maternal oxygen administration for fetal distress

Operative versus conservative management for 'fetal distress' in labour

Piracetam for fetal distress in labour

Prophylactic versus therapeutic amnioinfusion for oligohydramnios in labour

Tocolysis for preventing fetal distress in second stage of labour

Tocolytics for suspected intrapartum fetal distress

Perineal trauma (6)

Prevention (2)

Antenatal perineal massage for reducing perineal trauma

Episiotomy for vaginal birth

Repair (4)

Absorbable suture materials for repair of episiotomy and second degree tears

Antibiotic prophylaxis for fourth-degree perineal tear during vaginal birth

Continuous versus interrupted sutures for repair of episiotomy or second degree tears

Methods of repair for obstetric anal sphincter injury

Operative vaginal delivery (6)

Antibiotic prophylaxis for operative vaginal delivery

Instruments for assisted vaginal delivery (protocol stage)

Rapid versus stepwise negative pressure application for vacuum extraction assisted vaginal delivery

Soft versus rigid vacuum extractor cups for assisted vaginal delivery

Trial of instrumental delivery in theatre versus immediate caesarean section for anticipated difficult assisted births

Vacuum extraction versus forceps for assisted vaginal delivery

Caesarean section (39)

Anaesthesia (8)

Combined spinal-epidural versus spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (protocol stage)

Interventions at caesarean section for reducing aspiration pneumonitis (protocol stage)

Interventions for reducing nausea and vomiting at caesarean section (protocol stage)

Regional versus general anaesthesia for caesarean section

Spinal versus epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section

Supplemental oxygen for caesarean section during regional anaesthesia (protocol stage)

Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section

Use of hyperbaric versus isobaric bupivacaine for spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (protocol stage)

Surgical techniques (15)

Abdominal surgical incisions for caesarean section

Absorbable staples for uterine incision at caesarean section (withdrawn)

Closure versus non-closure of the peritoneum at caesarean section

Extra-abdominal versus intra-abdominal repair of the uterine incision at caesarean section

Local anaesthetic wound infiltration and abdominal nerves block during caesarean section for postoperative pain relief

Manual removal of placenta at caesarean section (withdrawn)

Methods of delivering the placenta at caesarean section

Single versus two layer suturing for closing the uterine incision at Caesarean section (withdrawn)

Skin preparation for preventing infection following caesarean section (protocol stage)

Surgical techniques for uterine incision and uterine closure at the time of caesarean section

Techniques and materials for closure of the abdominal wall in caesarean section

Techniques and materials for skin closure in caesarean section

Techniques for caesarean section

Vaginal preparation with antiseptic solution before cesarean section for preventing postoperative infections (protocol stage)

Wound drainage for caesarean section

Other interventions (15)

Antibiotic prophylaxis regimens and drugs for caesarean section

Antibiotic prophylaxis versus no prophylaxis for preventing infection after cesarean section

Antibiotic prophylaxis versus no prophylaxis for preventing infection after cesarean section (protocol stage)

Corticosteroids for preventing neonatal respiratory morbidity after elective caesarean section at term

Early compared with delayed oral fluids and food after caesarean section

Information for pregnant women about caesarean birth

Lateral tilt for caesarean section (withdrawn)

Maternal position during caesarean section for preventing maternal and neonatal complications (protocol stage)

Mechanical dilatation of the cervix at non-labour caesarean section for reducing postoperative morbidity (protocol stage)

Medical methods for preventing blood loss at caesarean section (protocol stage)

Music during caesarean section under regional anaesthesia for improving maternal and infant outcomes

Non-clinical interventions for reducing unnecessary caesarean section (protocol stage)

Planned elective repeat caesarean section versus planned vaginal birth for women with a previous caesarean birth

Rectal analgesia for pain relief after caesarean section (protocol stage)

Tocolysis for assisting delivery at caesarean section

Thromboprophylaxis (1)

Prophylaxis for venous thromboembolic disease in pregnancy and the early postnatal period

Care after childbirth (16)

Basic care of mother and baby (6)

Diet or exercise, or both, for weight reduction in women after childbirth

Early postnatal discharge from hospital for healthy mothers and term infants

Early skin-to-skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants

Education for contraceptive use by women after childbirth

Home visits during pregnancy and after birth for women with an alcohol or drug problem

Postnatal parental education for optimizing infant general health and parent-infant relationships

Miscellaneous symptoms after childbirth (3)

Analgesia for relief of pain due to uterine cramping/involution after birth. (protocol stage)

Antibiotic regimens for endometritis after delivery

Pelvic floor muscle training for prevention and treatment of urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and postnatal women

Unhappiness after childbirth (7)

General (4)

Caregiver support for postpartum depression (withdrawn)

Oestrogens and progestins for preventing and treating postpartum depression

Psychosocial and psychological interventions for preventing postpartum depression

Support for mothers, fathers and families after perinatal death

Drug treatment [Cochrane Depression, Anxiety and Neurosis Group] (2)

Antidepressant prevention of postnatal depression

Antidepressant treatment for post-natal depression

Psychotherapy [Cochrane Depression, Anxiety and Neurosis Group] (1)

Psychosocial and psychological interventions for treating postpartum depression

Perineal pain (5)

Drugs for perineal pain in the early postpartum period: generic protocol (protocol stage)

Local cooling for relieving pain from perineal trauma sustained during childbirth

Rectal analgesia for pain from perineal trauma following childbirth

Therapeutic ultrasound for postpartum perineal pain and dyspareunia

Topically applied anaesthetics for treating perineal pain after childbirth

Lactation (24)

Antenatal preparation (2)

Antenatal breast examination for promoting breastfeeding

Antenatal breastfeeding education for increasing breastfeeding duration (protocol stage)

Supporting breastfeeding mothers (5)

Interventions for promoting the initiation of breastfeeding

Interventions for treating painful nipples among breastfeeding women (protocol stage)

Interventions in the workplace to support breastfeeding for women in employment

Separate care for new mother and infant versus rooming-in for increasing the duration of breastfeeding (protocol stage)

Support for breastfeeding mothers

'Supplementing' the baby (2)

Cup feeding versus other forms of supplemental enteral feeding for newborn infants unable to fully breastfeed

Early additional food and fluids for healthy breastfed full-term infants (protocol stage)

Maternal interventions (12)

Antibiotics for mastitis in breastfeeding women

Combined hormonal versus nonhormonal versus progestin-only contraception in lactation

Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth (protocol stage)

Maternal antigen avoidance during lactation for preventing atopic disease in infants of women at high risk (withdrawn)

Maternal antigen avoidance during lactation for preventing atopic eczema in infants (withdrawn)

Maternal dietary antigen avoidance during pregnancy or lactation, or both, for preventing or treating atopic disease in the child

Medications for increasing milk supply in mothers expressing breastmilk for their hospitalised infants (protocol stage)

Methods of milk expression for lactating women

Supplementation with long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) in postpartum lactating women for improving development in breast fed infants (protocol stage)

Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation (protocol stage)

Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation (withdrawn)

Vitamin A supplementation for breastfeeding mothers (protocol stage)

Duration of breastfeeding (1)

Optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding

Miscellaneous (2)

Commercial hospital discharge packs for breastfeeding women (withdrawn)

Pacifier use versus no pacifier use in breastfeeding term infants for increasing duration of breastfeeding (protocol stage)

Breast symptoms in non-lactating women (2)

Non-pharmacological approaches (1)

Treatments for suppression of lactation

Pharmacological approaches (1)

Treatments for suppression of lactation

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