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Pregnancy and Childbirth Group (423)
Basic care during pregnancy (10)
Basic care (8)
Continuity of caregivers for care during pregnancy and childbirth
Critical incident audit and feedback to improve perinatal and maternal mortality and morbidity
Giving women their own case notes to carry during pregnancy
Home visits during pregnancy and after birth for women with an alcohol or drug problem
Individual or group antenatal education for childbirth or parenthood, or both
Maternity waiting facilities for improving maternal and neonatal outcome in low-resource countries (protocol stage)
Midwife-led versus other models of care for childbearing women (protocol stage)
Traditional birth attendant training for improving health behaviours and pregnancy outcomes
Dietary patterns in pregnancy (2)
Interventions for preventing excessive weight gain during pregnancy (protocol stage)
Modifications of maternal caffeine intake for improving pregnancy outcome (protocol stage)
Antenatal care (6)
Alernative versus standard packages of antenatal care for low-risk pregnancy
Antenatal day care units versus hospital admission for women with complicated pregnancy
Repeat digital cervical assessment in pregnancy for identifying women at risk of preterm labour (protocol stage)
Social and lifestyle interventions for preventing low birthweight in South Asians (protocol stage)
Support during pregnancy for women at increased risk of low birthweight babies
Symphysis-fundal height measurement in pregnancy
Behaviour/advice during pregnancy (5)
Smoking (1)
Interventions for promoting smoking cessation during pregnancy
Work and physical activity (1)
Aerobic exercise for women during pregnancy
Sexual activity (0)
Alcohol (2)
Home visits during pregnancy and after birth for women with an alcohol or drug problem
Psychological and/or educational interventions for reducing prenatal alcohol consumption in pregnant women and women planning pregnancy (protocol stage)
Drug misuse [Cochrane Drugs and Alcohol Group] (1)
Home visits during pregnancy and after birth for women with an alcohol or drug problem
Nutrition during pregnancy (19)
Pre/periconceptional care (1)
Periconceptional supplementation with folate and/or multivitamins for preventing neural tube defects
Energy/protein intake (5)
Energy and protein intake in pregnancy
Energy/protein restriction for high weight-for-height or weight gain during pregnancy (withdrawn)
High protein supplementation in pregnancy (withdrawn)
Isocaloric balanced protein supplementation in pregnancy (withdrawn)
Nutritional advice in pregnancy (withdrawn)
Dietary antigen avoidance (3)
Maternal antigen avoidance during lactation for preventing atopic disease in infants of women at high risk (withdrawn)
Maternal antigen avoidance during lactation for preventing atopic eczema in infants (withdrawn)
Maternal dietary antigen avoidance during pregnancy or lactation, or both, for preventing or treating atopic disease in the child
Vitamins/minerals (10)
Calcium supplementation (other than for preventing or treating hypertension) for improving pregnancy and infant outcomes (protocol stage)
Magnesium supplementation in pregnancy
Maternal iodine supplements in areas of deficiency (withdrawn)
Multiple-micronutrient supplementation for women during pregnancy
Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) supplementation in pregnancy
Vitamin A supplementation during pregnancy
Vitamin C supplementation in pregnancy
Vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy
Vitamin E supplementation in pregnancy
Zinc supplementation for improving pregnancy and infant outcome
Symptoms during pregnancy (8)
Antihistamines versus aspirin for itching in late pregnancy
Creams for preventing stretch marks in pregnancy
Interventions for heartburn in pregnancy (protocol stage)
Interventions for leg cramps in pregnancy
Interventions for nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy
Interventions for preventing and treating pelvic and back pain in pregnancy
Interventions for treating constipation in pregnancy
Interventions for varicose veins and leg oedema in pregnancy
Psychological wellbeing during pregnancy (4)
Antenatal psychosocial assessment for reducing perinatal mental health morbidity (protocol stage)
Interventions (other than pharmacological, psychosocial or psychological) for treating antenatal depression (protocol stage)
Psychosocial and psychological interventions for preventing postpartum depression
Psychosocial and psychological interventions for treating antenatal depression
Miscarriage (13)
Prevention (8)
Aspirin or anticoagulants for the treatment of recurrent miscarriage in women without antiphospholipid syndrome
Bed rest during pregnancy for preventing miscarriage
Human chorionic gonadotrophin for recurrent miscarriage (withdrawn)
Immunotherapy for recurrent miscarriage
Oestrogen supplementation, mainly diethylstilbestrol, for preventing miscarriages and other adverse pregnancy outcomes
Prevention of recurrent miscarriage for women with antiphospholipid antibody or lupus anticoagulant
Progestogen for preventing miscarriage
Vitamin supplementation for preventing miscarriage
Treatment of threatened miscarriage (2)
Progestogen for treating threatened miscarriage
Uterine muscle relaxant drugs for threatened miscarriage
Treatment (3)
Expectant care versus surgical treatment for miscarriage
Medical treatment for early fetal death (less than 24 weeks)
Surgical procedures to evacuate incomplete miscarriage
Medical problems during pregnancy (55)
Hypertension during pregnancy (32)
Prevention (15)
Altered dietary salt for preventing pre-eclampsia, and its complications
Antibiotics for preventing hypertensive diseases in pregnancy (protocol stage)
Antioxidants for preventing pre-eclampsia
Antiplatelet agents for preventing and treating pre-eclampsia (withdrawn)
Antiplatelet agents for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications
Calcium supplementation during pregnancy for preventing hypertensive disorders and related problems
Diuretics for preventing pre-eclampsia
Exercise or other physical activity for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications
Garlic for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications
Interventions for preventing pre-eclampsia and its consequences: generic protocol (protocol stage)
Marine oil, and other prostaglandin precursor, supplementation for pregnancy uncomplicated by pre-eclampsia or intrauterine growth restriction
Nitric oxide for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications
Progesterone for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications
Reduced salt intake compared to normal dietary salt, or high intake, in pregnancy
Rest during pregnancy for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications in women with normal blood pressure
Detection (1)
Ambulatory versus conventional methods for monitoring blood pressure during pregnancy
Treatment of mild/moderate hypertension (5)
Antihypertensive drug therapy for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy
Bed rest with or without hospitalisation for hypertension during pregnancy
Chinese herbal medicine for the treatment of pre-eclampsia
Oral beta-blockers for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy
Tight versus very tight control of mild-moderate pre-existing or non-proteinuric gestational hypertension for improving outcomes (protocol stage)
Treatment of severe pre-eclampsia/eclampsia (11)
Bed rest with or without hospitalisation for hypertension during pregnancy
Corticosteroids for HELLP syndrome in pregnancy
Drugs for treatment of very high blood pressure during pregnancy
Interventionist versus expectant care for severe pre-eclampsia before term
Low-dose dopamine for women with severe pre-eclampsia
Magnesium sulphate and other anticonvulsants for women with pre-eclampsia
Magnesium sulphate versus diazepam for eclampsia
Magnesium sulphate versus lytic cocktail for eclampsia
Magnesium sulphate versus phenytoin for eclampsia
Plasma volume expansion for treatment of pre-eclampsia
Prevention and treatment of postpartum hypertension
Anaemia during pregnancy (9)
Prevention (5)
Effectiveness and safety of preventive oral iron or iron+folic acid supplementation for women during pregnancy
Folate supplementation in pregnancy (withdrawn)
Folate supplementation in pregnancy (protocol stage)
Iron and folate supplementation in pregnancy (withdrawn)
Iron supplementation in pregnancy (withdrawn)
Treatment (4)
Interventions for treating painful sickle cell crisis during pregnancy (protocol stage)
Prophylactic versus selective blood transfusion for sickle cell anaemia during pregnancy (withdrawn)
Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia
Treatments for iron-deficiency anaemia in pregnancy
Glucose intolerance (9)
Gestational diabetes (6)
Alternative strategies for diagnosing gestational diabetes mellitus to improve maternal and infant health (protocol stage)
Dietary advice in pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus
Dietary regulation for 'gestational diabetes' (withdrawn)
Elective delivery in diabetic pregnant women
Exercise for diabetic pregnant women
Treatments for gestational diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in pregnancy
Diabetes (3)
Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple daily injections of insulin for pregnant women with diabetes
Elective delivery in diabetic pregnant women
Very tight versus tight control for diabetes in pregnancy (withdrawn)
Thromboembolic disease (2)
Heparin for pregnant women with acquired or inherited thrombophilias
Prophylaxis for venous thromboembolic disease in pregnancy and the early postnatal period
Cardiac and renal disease (0)
Other diseases in pregnancy (3)
Conservative management of symptomatic and/or complicated haemorrhoids in pregnancy and the puerperium
Interventions for treating cholestasis in pregnancy
Laparoscopic surgery for presumed benign ovarian tumor during pregnancy
Fetal assessment before labour (31)
Ultrasound (3)
Routine ultrasound in late pregnancy (after 24 weeks' gestation)
Ultrasound for fetal assessment in early pregnancy
Ultrasound for fetal assessment in early pregnancy (protocol stage)
Prenatal diagnosis (5)
Invasive procedures (4)
Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling for prenatal diagnosis
Chorion villus sampling versus amniocentesis for prenatal diagnosis (withdrawn)
Early amniocentesis versus transabdominal chorion villus sampling for prenatal diagnosis (withdrawn)
Instruments for chorionic villus sampling for prenatal diagnosis
Genetic disorders (1)
Preconception and antenatal screening for the fragile site on the X-chromosome
Counselling (0)
Impaired fetal growth and well being (23)
Fetal compromise during pregnancy (23)
Screening and diagnosis (11)
Amniotic fluid index versus single deepest vertical pocket as a screening test for preventing adverse pregnancy outcome (protocol stage)
Biochemical tests of placental function for assessment in pregnancy
Biophysical profile for fetal assessment in high risk pregnancies
Cardiotocography for antepartum fetal assessment
Doppler ultrasound for fetal assessment in high risk pregnancies
Fetal manipulation for facilitating tests of fetal wellbeing
Fetal movement counting for assessment of fetal wellbeing
Fetal vibroacoustic stimulation for facilitation of tests of fetal wellbeing
Maternal glucose administration for facilitating tests of fetal wellbeing
Regimens of fetal surveillance for impaired fetal growth (protocol stage)
Routine Doppler ultrasound in pregnancy
Conservative management of compromised fetus (12)
Abdominal decompression for suspected fetal compromise/pre-eclampsia
Abdominal decompression in normal pregnancy
Antithrombotic therapy for improving maternal or infant health outcomes in women considered at risk of placental dysfunction (protocol stage)
Bed rest in hospital for suspected impaired fetal growth
Betamimetics for suspected impaired fetal growth
Calcium channel blockers for potential impaired fetal growth
Hormones for suspected impaired fetal growth
Maternal hydration for increasing amniotic fluid volume in oligohydramnios and normal amniotic fluid volume
Maternal nutrient supplementation for suspected impaired fetal growth
Maternal oxygen administration for suspected impaired fetal growth
Plasma volume expansion for suspected impaired fetal growth
Transcutaneous electrostimulation for suspected placental insufficiency (diagnosed by Doppler studies)
Fetal disease (5)
Blood group incompatibilities - prevention and treatment (5)
Antenatal interventions for fetomaternal alloimmune thrombocytopenia
Antenatal phenobarbital for reducing neonatal jaundice after red cell isoimmunization
Anti-D administration after childbirth for preventing Rhesus alloimmunisation
Anti-D administration in pregnancy for preventing Rhesus alloimmunisation
Techniques of intrauterine fetal transfusion for women with red-cell isoimmunisation for improving health outcomes (protocol stage)
Fetal surgery (0)
Specific fetal infections (0)
Prelabour rupture of membranes (4)
Prelabour rupture of membranes preterm (3)
Amnioinfusion for preterm rupture of membranes
Antibiotics for preterm rupture of membranes
Tocolytics for preterm premature rupture of membranes (protocol stage)
Prelabour rupture of membranes at term (1)
Antibiotics for prelabour rupture of membranes at or near term
Preterm labour (37)
Prediction/prevention (12)
Antenatal lower genital tract infection screening and treatment programs for preventing preterm delivery
Antibiotics for treating bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy
Bed rest in singleton pregnancies for preventing preterm birth
Cervical stitch (cerclage) for preventing pregnancy loss in women
Fetal fibronectin testing for reducing the risk of preterm birth (protocol stage)
Home uterine monitoring for detecting preterm labour (protocol stage)
Magnesium supplementation in pregnancy
Prenatal administration of progesterone for preventing preterm birth
Probiotics for preventing preterm labour
Prophylactic oral betamimetics for preventing preterm labour in singleton pregnancies
Risk scoring systems for predicting preterm birth with the aim of reducing associated adverse outcomes (protocol stage)
Specialised antenatal clinics for women with a pregnancy at high risk of preterm birth (excluding multiple pregnancy) to improve maternal and infant outcomes (protocol stage)
Fetal maturation/treatment (7)
Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth
Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth (protocol stage)
Magnesium sulphate for women at risk of preterm birth for neuroprotection of the fetus
Prophylactic corticosteroids for preterm birth (withdrawn)
Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for preventing neonatal respiratory disease
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone added to corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for preventing neonatal respiratory disease
Vitamin K prior to preterm birth for preventing neonatal periventricular haemorrhage
Treatment (10)
Betamimetics for inhibiting preterm labour
Calcium channel blockers for inhibiting preterm labour
Combination of tocolytic agents for inhibiting preterm labour (protocol stage)
Cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibitors for treating preterm labour
Hydration for treatment of preterm labour
Magnesium sulphate for preventing preterm birth in threatened preterm labour
Nitric oxide donors for the treatment of preterm labour
Oxytocin receptor antagonists for inhibiting preterm labour
Progestational agents for treating threatened or established preterm labour (protocol stage)
Prophylactic antibiotics for inhibiting preterm labour with intact membranes
Maintenance (6)
Home uterine monitoring for detecting preterm labour (protocol stage)
Magnesium maintenance therapy for preventing preterm birth after threatened preterm labour
Maintenance therapy with calcium channel blockers for preventing preterm birth after threatened preterm labour
Maintenance therapy with oxytocin antagonists for inhibiting preterm birth after threatened preterm labour (protocol stage)
Oral betamimetics for maintenance therapy after threatened preterm labour
Terbutaline pump maintenance therapy after threatened preterm labor for preventing preterm birth
Delivery (2)
Early versus delayed umbilical cord clamping in preterm infants
Elective caesarean section versus expectant management for delivery of the small baby
Multiple pregnancy (9)
Caesarean delivery for the second twin
Doppler ultrasound for fetal assessment in high risk pregnancies
Elective delivery of women with a twin pregnancy from 37 weeks' gestation
Hospitalisation and bed rest for multiple pregnancy
Interventions for the treatment of twin-twin transfusion syndrome
Planned caesarean section for women with a twin pregnancy (protocol stage)
Prophylactic oral betamimetics for reducing preterm birth in women with a twin pregnancy
Reduction of the number of fetuses for women with triplet and higher order multiple pregnancies
Specialised antenatal clinics for women with a multiple pregnancy for improving maternal and infant outcomes
Antepartum haemorrhage (2)
Interventions for suspected placenta praevia
Interventions for treating placental abruption
Infection during pregnancy (22)
Vaginal infection (11)
Antibiotics for gonorrhoea in pregnancy
Antibiotics for treating bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy
Antibiotics for ureaplasma in the vagina in pregnancy
Interventions for treating genital chlamydia trachomatis infection in pregnancy
Interventions for trichomoniasis in pregnancy
Intrapartum antibiotics for Group B streptococcal colonisation
Prophylactic antibiotic administration in pregnancy to prevent infectious morbidity and mortality
Third trimester antiviral prophylaxis for preventing maternal genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) recurrences and neonatal infection
Topical treatment for vaginal candidiasis (thrush) in pregnancy
Vaginal chlorhexidine during labour for preventing maternal and neonatal infections (excluding Group B Streptococcal and HIV)
Vaginal chlorhexidine during labour to prevent early-onset neonatal group B streptococcal infection
Urinary tract infection (3)
Antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy
Duration of treatment for asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy
Treatments for symptomatic urinary tract infections during pregnancy
Other infections (8)
Antibiotic regimens for management of intraamniotic infection
Antibiotics for syphilis diagnosed during pregnancy
Caesarean section versus vaginal delivery for preventing mother to infant hepatitis C virus transmission
Effects of interventions for helminthic infections in pregnancy (protocol stage)
Pneumococcal vaccination during pregnancy for preventing infant infection
Prenatal education for congenital toxoplasmosis (protocol stage)
Treatments for toxoplasmosis in pregnancy
Vaccines for women to prevent neonatal tetanus
Fetal malpresentation (8)
Cephalic version by moxibustion for breech presentation
Cephalic version by postural management for breech presentation
Expedited versus conservative approaches for vaginal delivery in breech presentation
External cephalic version for breech presentation at term
External cephalic version for breech presentation before term
Hands and knees posture in late pregnancy or labour for fetal malposition (lateral or posterior)
Interventions to help external cephalic version for breech presentation at term
Planned caesarean section for term breech delivery
Care during childbirth (35)
Place of birth (2)
Home versus hospital birth
Home-like versus conventional institutional settings for birth
Routine intrapartum care (13)
Antenatal education for self-diagnosis of the onset of active labour at term
Caesarean section for non-medical reasons at term
Continuous support for women during childbirth
Effect of partogram use on outcomes for women in spontaneous labour at term (protocol stage)
Enemas during labour
Immersion in water in pregnancy, labour and birth
Interventions for ketosis during labour (protocol stage)
Labour assessment programs to delay admission to labour wards
Maternal positions and mobility during first stage labour (protocol stage)
Package of care for active management in labour for reducing caesarean section rates in low-risk women (protocol stage)
Restricting oral fluid and food intake during labour (protocol stage)
Routine perineal shaving on admission in labour
Use of intra-uterine pressure catheter (IUPC) versus external tocodynamometry (TOCO) during labour for reducing adverse outcomes (protocol stage)
Normal labour - antacids (1)
Routine prophylactic drugs in normal labour for reducing gastric aspiration and its effects
Normal birth (19)
Second stage (5)
Episiotomy for vaginal birth
Fundal pressure for shortening the second stage of labour (protocol stage)
Immersion in water in pregnancy, labour and birth
Perineal techniques during the second stage of labour for reducing perineal trauma (protocol stage)
Position in the second stage of labour for women without epidural anaesthesia
Third stage (14)
Active versus expectant management in the third stage of labour
Early versus delayed umbilical cord clamping in preterm infants
Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping of term infants on maternal and neonatal outcomes
Fundal pressure versus controlled cord traction as part of the active management of the third stage of labour
Oxytocin agonists for preventing postpartum haemorrhage
Placental cord drainage after spontaneous vaginal delivery as part of the management of the third stage of labour
Prophylactic ergometrine-oxytocin versus oxytocin for the third stage of labour
Prophylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour
Prophylactic use of ergot alkaloids in the third stage of labour
Prostaglandins for preventing postpartum haemorrhage
Timing of prophylactic oxytocics for the third stage of labour after vaginal birth (protocol stage)
Topical umbilical cord care at birth
Umbilical vein injection for the routine management of third stage of labour (protocol stage)
Uterine massage for preventing postpartum haemorrhage (protocol stage)
Postpartum haemorrhage/retained placenta (4)
Prophylactic antibiotics for manual removal of retained placenta in vaginal birth
Treatment for primary postpartum haemorrhage
Treatments for secondary postpartum haemorrhage
Umbilical vein injection for management of retained placenta
Induction of labour (39)
Specific indications (13)
Elective delivery in diabetic pregnant women
Elective delivery of women with a twin pregnancy from 37 weeks' gestation
Elective repeat caesarean section versus induction of labour for women with a previous caesarean birth
Induction of labour for improving birth outcomes for women at or beyond term
Induction of labour for suspected fetal macrosomia
Interventions for preventing or improving the outcome of delivery at or beyond term (withdrawn)
Misoprostol for induction of labour to terminate pregnancy in the second or third trimester for women with a fetal anomaly or after intrauterine fetal death (protocol stage)
Oxytocin for prelabour rupture of membranes at or near term (withdrawn)
Planned early birth versus expectant management (waiting) for prelabour rupture of membranes at term (37 weeks or more)
Planned early birth versus expectant management for women with preterm prelabour rupture of membranes prior to 37 weeks' gestation for improving pregnancy outcome (protocol stage)
Prostaglandins for prelabour rupture of membranes at or near term (withdrawn)
Prostaglandins versus oxytocin for prelabour rupture of membranes at or near term (withdrawn)
Prostaglandins versus oxytocin for prelabour rupture of membranes at term (withdrawn)
Techniques - primary reviews (25)
Acupuncture for induction of labour
Amniotomy alone for induction of labour
Amniotomy plus intravenous oxytocin for induction of labour
Breast stimulation for cervical ripening and induction of labour
Buccal or sublingual misoprostol for cervical ripening and induction of labour
Castor oil, bath and/or enema for cervical priming and induction of labour
Corticosteroids for cervical ripening and induction of labour
Extra-amniotic prostaglandin for induction of labour
Homoeopathy for induction of labour
Hyaluronidase for cervical ripening and induction of labour
Intracervical prostaglandins for induction of labour
Intravenous oxytocin alone for cervical ripening and induction of labour
Intravenous prostaglandin for induction of labour
Mechanical methods for induction of labour
Membrane sweeping for induction of labour
Methods for cervical ripening and labour induction in late pregnancy: generic protocol (protocol stage)
Mifepristone for induction of labour
Nitric oxide donors for cervical ripening and induction of labour (protocol stage)
Oestrogens alone or with amniotomy for cervical ripening or induction of labour
Oral misoprostol for induction of labour
Oral prostaglandin E2 for induction of labour
Relaxin for cervical ripening and induction of labour
Sexual intercourse for cervical ripening and induction of labour
Vaginal misoprostol for cervical ripening and induction of labour
Vaginal prostaglandin (PGE2 and PGF2a) for induction of labour at term
Techniques - secondary reviews (1)
Induction of labour for women with a previous caesarean section (protocol stage)
Miscellaneous (0)
Pain during labour (7)
Non-pharmacological methods (2)
Biofeedback for pain during labour (protocol stage)
Complementary and alternative therapies for pain management in labour
Pharmacological methods (5)
Combined spinal-epidural versus epidural analgesia in labour
Discontinuation of epidural analgesia late in labour for reducing the adverse delivery outcomes associated with epidural analgesia
Epidural versus non-epidural or no analgesia in labour
Prophylactic intravenous preloading for regional analgesia in labour
Types of intra-muscular opioids for maternal pain relief in labour (withdrawn)
Dystocia (8)
Fetopelvic disproportion (2)
Pelvimetry for fetal cephalic presentations at or near term
Symphysiotomy for feto-pelvic disproportion (protocol stage)
Prevention (1)
Intrapartum interventions for preventing shoulder dystocia
Augmentation (4)
Amniotomy for shortening spontaneous labour
Amniotomy for shortening spontaneous labour (withdrawn)
Early amniotomy and early oxytocin for delay in first stage spontaneous labor compared with routine care (protocol stage)
Oxytocin versus placebo or no treatment for slow progress in the first stage of spontaneous labour (protocol stage)
Malposition (1)
Expedited versus conservative approaches for vaginal delivery in breech presentation
Other (0)
Fetal compromise during labour (17)
Diagnosis/prevention (9)
Cardiotocography versus intermittent auscultation of fetal heart on admission to labour ward for assessment of fetal wellbeing (protocol stage)
Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) for fetal assessment during labour
Continuous electronic heart rate monitoring for fetal assessment during labor (withdrawn)
Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) for fetal monitoring during labour
Fetal pulse oximetry for fetal assessment in labour
Intrapartum fetal scalp lactate sampling for fetal assessment in the presence of a non-reassuring fetal heart rate trace (protocol stage)
Near-infrared spectroscopy for fetal assessment during labour
Prophylactic versus therapeutic amnioinfusion for oligohydramnios in labour
Vibroacoustic stimulation for fetal assessment in labour in the presence of a nonreassuring fetal heart rate trace
Treatment (8)
Amnioinfusion for meconium-stained liquor in labour
Amnioinfusion for potential or suspected umbilical cord compression in labour
Maternal oxygen administration for fetal distress
Operative versus conservative management for 'fetal distress' in labour
Piracetam for fetal distress in labour
Prophylactic versus therapeutic amnioinfusion for oligohydramnios in labour
Tocolysis for preventing fetal distress in second stage of labour
Tocolytics for suspected intrapartum fetal distress
Perineal trauma (6)
Prevention (2)
Antenatal perineal massage for reducing perineal trauma
Episiotomy for vaginal birth
Repair (4)
Absorbable synthetic versus catgut suture material for perineal repair
Antibiotic prophylaxis for fourth-degree perineal tear during vaginal birth
Continuous versus interrupted sutures for repair of episiotomy or second degree tears
Methods of repair for obstetric anal sphincter injury
Operative vaginal delivery (6)
Antibiotic prophylaxis for operative vaginal delivery
Instruments for assisted vaginal delivery (protocol stage)
Rapid versus stepwise negative pressure application for vacuum extraction assisted vaginal delivery (protocol stage)
Soft versus rigid vacuum extractor cups for assisted vaginal delivery
Trial of instrumental delivery in theatre versus immediate caesarean section for anticipated difficult assisted births (protocol stage)
Vacuum extraction versus forceps for assisted vaginal delivery
Caesarean section (27)
Anaesthesia (4)
Interventions at caesarean section for reducing aspiration pneumonitis (protocol stage)
Regional versus general anaesthesia for caesarean section
Spinal versus epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section
Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section
Surgical techniques (13)
Abdominal surgical incisions for caesarean section
Absorbable staples for uterine incision at caesarean section (withdrawn)
Closure versus non-closure of the peritoneum at caesarean section
Extra-abdominal versus intra-abdominal repair of the uterine incision at caesarean section
Indwelling bladder catheterisation as part of postoperative care for caesarean section (protocol stage)
Local anaesthetic wound infiltration and abdominal nerves block during caesarean section for postoperative pain relief (protocol stage)
Manual removal of placenta at caesarean section (withdrawn)
Methods of delivering the placenta at caesarean section (protocol stage)
Single versus two layer suturing for closing the uterine incision at Caesarean section (withdrawn)
Surgical techniques involving the uterus at the time of caesarean section (protocol stage)
Techniques and materials for closure of the abdominal wall in caesarean section
Techniques and materials for skin closure in caesarean section
Techniques for caesarean section
Other interventions (9)
Antibiotic prophylaxis for cesarean section
Antibiotic prophylaxis regimens and drugs for cesarean section
Corticosteroids for preventing neonatal respiratory morbidity after elective caesarean section at term (protocol stage)
Early compared with delayed oral fluids and food after caesarean section
Lateral tilt for caesarean section (withdrawn)
Music during caesarean section under regional anesthesia for improving maternal and infant outcomes (protocol stage)
Planned elective repeat caesarean section versus planned vaginal birth for women with a previous caesarean birth
Rectal analgesia for pain relief after caesarean section (protocol stage)
Tocolysis for assisting delivery at caesarean section
Thromboprophylaxis (1)
Prophylaxis for venous thromboembolic disease in pregnancy and the early postnatal period
Care after childbirth (11)
Basic care of mother and baby (5)
Diet or exercise, or both, for weight reduction in women after childbirth
Early postnatal discharge from hospital for healthy mothers and term infants
Early skin-to-skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants
Home visits during pregnancy and after birth for women with an alcohol or drug problem
Postnatal parental education for optimizing family health (protocol stage)
Miscellaneous symptoms after childbirth (2)
Analgesia for relief of pain due to uterine cramping/involution after birth (protocol stage)
Antibiotic regimens for endometritis after delivery
Unhappiness after childbirth (4)
General (4)
Caregiver support for postpartum depression (withdrawn)
Oestrogens and progestins for preventing and treating postpartum depression
Psychosocial and psychological interventions for preventing postpartum depression
Support for mothers, fathers and families after perinatal death
Drug treatment [Cochrane Depression, Anxiety and Neurosis Group] (0)
Psychotherapy [Cochrane Depression, Anxiety and Neurosis Group] (0)
Perineal pain (4)
Local cooling for relieving pain from perineal trauma sustained during childbirth
Rectal analgesia for pain from perineal trauma following childbirth
Therapeutic ultrasound for postpartum perineal pain and dyspareunia
Topically applied anaesthetics for treating perineal pain after childbirth
Lactation (19)
Antenatal preparation (2)
Antenatal breast examination for promoting breastfeeding (protocol stage)
Antenatal breastfeeding education for increasing breastfeeding duration (protocol stage)
Supporting breastfeeding mothers (5)
Interventions for preventing and treating nipple pain in breastfeeding mothers (protocol stage) (withdrawn)
Interventions for promoting the initiation of breastfeeding
Interventions in the workplace to support breastfeeding for women in employment
Separate care for new mother and infant versus rooming-in for increasing the duration of breastfeeding (protocol stage)
Support for breastfeeding mothers
'Supplementing' the baby (1)
Early additional food and fluids for healthy breastfed full-term infants (protocol stage)
Maternal interventions (9)
Antibiotics for mastitis in breastfeeding women (protocol stage)
Maternal antigen avoidance during lactation for preventing atopic disease in infants of women at high risk (withdrawn)
Maternal antigen avoidance during lactation for preventing atopic eczema in infants (withdrawn)
Maternal dietary antigen avoidance during pregnancy or lactation, or both, for preventing or treating atopic disease in the child
Medications for increasing milk supply in mothers expressing breastmilk for their hospitalised infants (protocol stage)
Methods of milk expression for lactating women (protocol stage)
Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation (protocol stage)
Treatments for breast engorgement during lactation (withdrawn)
Vitamin A supplementation for breastfeeding mothers (protocol stage)
Duration of breastfeeding (1)
Optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding
Miscellaneous (1)
Commercial hospital discharge packs for breastfeeding women (withdrawn)
Breast symptoms in non-lactating women (2)
Non-pharmacological approaches (1)
Treatments for suppression of lactation (protocol stage)
Pharmacological approaches (1)
Treatments for suppression of lactation (protocol stage)